[Herpetology • 2017] Brachycephalus darkside • The Dark Side of Pumpkin Toadlet: A New Species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Serra do Brigadeiro, southeastern Brazil ---ScRaBBlE

Brachycephalus darkside

 Guimarães, Luz, Rocha & Feio, 2017 

 DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4258.4.2 

Abstract

Brachycephalus is a frog genus endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and characterized by the bright yellow-orange aposematic colors and the high degree of miniaturization. Herein, we describe a new species of Brachycephalus from Serra do Brigadeiro, Municipality of Ervália, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. Specimens were collected at high altitudes (i.e., 1266–1498 m above sea level) amidst the leaf litter. The new species is characterized by the presence of black connective tissue covering all dorsal muscles, body completely yellow-orange in life, presence of skull and post-cranial plates, large size (SVL of adults: 14.8–18.5 mm), bufoniform body, absence of metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles, and presence of harmonics in its advertisement call.

Keywords: Amphibia, Brachycephalus darkside sp. nov., Atlantic Rainforest, osteology, histology, bioacoustics, natural history

 Brachycephalus darkside sp. nov. female in life.

Etymology. The epithet "darkside" is a noun in apposition, derivative of the English language. It refers to the dark side of the body of Brachycephalus darkside sp. nov., which corresponds to the dark tissue surrounding the dorsal musculature, creating a dark background to the bright yellow-orange dorsum (Fig. 4). It is also a reference to the album "The Dark Side of the Moon" by the British rock band Pink Floyd.

Natural history. Specimens of Brachycephalus sp. nov. were found amidst leaf litter of “Trilha do Cruzeiro”, at the habitat Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana, between 1266 and 1498 m a.s.l. We observed active individuals from October to December, between 12h and 19h. Males were found calling exposed over leafs or beneath them, and females walking through the leaf litter. During the dry months (from July until September), individuals of Brachycephalus sp. nov. were found hidden deep into the layers of leaf litter, buried and within roots underground (Fig. 5). The new species is abundant in the area where it occur and reproduce syntopicaly with species of the genus Ischnocnema.

Distribution. Brachycephalus sp. nov. is known from municipalities of Ervália and Miradouro, both at Serra do Brigadeiro, north portion of Mantiqueira mountain range, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil (Fig. 6). Considering the distances between locations, vegetation and altitude range (1266–1498 m a.s.l.), it is likely that this new species can be found in more locations within the Serra do Brigadeiro mountain range. 

 Carla da Silva Guimarães, Sofia Luz, Pedro Carvalho Rocha and Renato Neves Feio. 2017. The Dark Side of Pumpkin Toadlet: A New Species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Serra do Brigadeiro, southeastern Brazil.
  Zootaxa. 4258(4); 327–344.   DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4258.4.2

http://www.locus.ufv.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/8175/texto%20completo.pdf?sequence=1

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2017] Brachycephalus coloratus & B. curupira • Two New Species of the Brachycephalus pernix Group (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the State of Paraná, southern Brazil ---ScRaBBlE

Brachycephalus coloratus 

Ribeiro, Blackburn, Stanley, Pie & Bornschein, 2017

 DOI:  10.7717/peerj.3603 

Abstract

We describe two new species of miniaturized toadlet in the Brachycephalus pernix group of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The first new species is distinguished from all congeners by the pale red coloration from the head to the pelvic region, with sides of the body and thighs dorsally yellowish green. It is known only from the type locality in a cloud forest at altitudes ranging between 1,144–1,228 m a.s.l. The second species, although more closely related to B. izecksohni, is morphologically similar to B. brunneus in its overall brown coloration, but distinct from that species in the color of the iris (black with conspicuous golden spots, instead of entirely black). It was found on three mountains, at altitudes between 1,095–1,320 m a.s.l., and in vegetation types including cloud forest, montane forest, and secondary forest. The two new species exhibit neither vertebral fusions nor osteoderms, but one has both a distinct neopalatine and well-developed odontoids on the maxillae. We discuss the conservation status of both species.

Figure 1: Holotype of Brachycephalus coloratus in life (MHNCI 10273). 

Brachycephalus coloratus sp. nov

Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin coloratus (“colored”, “variegated”) in reference to the unique combination of colors found in the species.

Figure 7: Holotype of Brachycephalus curupira in life (MHNCI 10280). 

Brachycephalus curupira sp. nov.

Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the homonymous mythical character in Brazilian folklore whose aim is to protect the forests. Although usually portrayed as a red-headed boy with feet pointing backwards, the curupira becomes invisible and produces sounds that confuse those walking in his forests. This confusion is a fitting description of our situation while trying to locate calling males of this elusive species (see Remarks below).

Luiz F. Ribeiro, David C. Blackburn, Edward L. Stanley, Marcio R. Pie and Marcos R. Bornschein. 2017. Two New Species of the Brachycephalus pernix group (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. PeerJ. 5:e3603. DOI:  10.7717/peerj.3603

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2018] Brachycephalus mirissimus • A New Species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Brazil ---ScRaBBlE

Brachycephalus mirissimus  

Pie, Ribeiro, Confetti, Nadaline & Bornschein, 2018

   DOI:  10.7717/peerj.5683 

Abstract 

A new miniaturized frog of the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) is described from Morro Santo Anjo in the municipality of Massaranduba, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Specimens were collected from the leaf litter between 470 and 540 above sea level. The new species is distinguished from all its congeners by the combination of the following characters: (1) body robust and bufoniform; (2) size snout-vent length 9.9–11.7 mm for males and 10.0–12.9 mm for females; (3) smooth dorsum; (4) general color (in life) orange with white dots and stripe in the middle of the head and along its vertebral column; (5) iris completely black; (6) advertisement call composed of note groups; (7) isolated notes with 1–3 pulses; and (8) short isolated notes (0.002–0.027 s). An estimate of the male density of the new species is also presented. Phylogenetic information indicates that the new species is part of the southernmost clade of Brachycephalus, which includes Brachycephalus fuscolineatus, B. albolineatus, and B. boticario. The severe anthropogenic impacts in and around the type locality indicate that immediate actions should be taken to ensure the long-term preservation of the new species.

Figure 2: Drawings of the holotype of Brachycephalus mirissimus.
 Holotype of Brachycephalus mirissimus (MHNCI 10793), adult male: (A) dorsal view of the body; (B) lateral view of the head; (C) ventral view of right hand; (D) ventral view of right foot. Drawing by Verônica R. Apolônio.  

 Figure 3: Holotype of Brachycephalus mirissimus (MHNCI 10793), adult male, in life in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral view (C).
Notice in C, from the left to right, two white arrows indicated the presence of the linea masculinea, a pair of bands of fibrous connective tissue present only in males of the species and the vocal sac.

Black bar in C = 5 mm. Photographs by Luiz F. Ribeiro. 

Brachycephalus mirissimus sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Brachycephalus mirissimus is a member of the genus Brachycephalus based on its position in a phylogenetic tree (Fig. 5). B. mirissimus is a member of the B. pernix group, as defined by Ribeiro et al. (2015) and modified above, by having a bufoniform body shape and linea masculina (Figs. 3C and 4H). B. mirissimus is distinguished from all of the species in the genus by the following combination of characters: (1) body robust and bufoniform; (2) size SVL 9.9–11.7 mm for males and 10.0–12.9 mm for females (Table 1); (3) smooth dorsum (Figs. 3 and 4); (4) general color (in life) orange with white dots and stripe in the middle of the head and along its vertebral column (Figs. 3 and 4); (5) iris completely black (Fig. 3A); (6) advertisement call composed of note groups; (7) isolated notes with 1–3 pulses; and (8) short isolated notes (0.002–0.027 s).

Figure 4: Variation in coloration of paratypes of Brachycephalus mirissimus.
(A–F) dorsal view; (G and H) ventral view.
(A) MHNCI 10802; (B) MHNCI 10799; (C) MHNCI 10803; (D) MHNCI 10794;
 (E) MHNCI 10801; (F) MHNCI 10800; (G) MHNCI 10796; (H) MHNCI 10803. Notice in H the white arrow indicated the linea masculinea. Black bar in H = 5 mm.

Photographs by Luiz F. Ribeiro.

Figure 6: Map indicating the location of the type locality of Brachycephalus mirissimus (yellow dot), as well as other species of the genus that are found in the region (state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil) (indicated clockwise): B. mirissimus, B. fuscolineatus, B. boticario and B. albolineatus.

 Original photographs by Luiz F. Ribeiro. 

Map data by Google.

Phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analysis of species of the B. pernix species group places B. mirissimus as part a clade which includes B. fuscolineatus and B. boticario (Fig. 5), which are the southernmost species of the genus and are distributed in the region of the new species (Fig. 6).

Figure 8: Vegetation at the type locality of Brachycephalus mirissimus, at 535 m above sea level, characterized by high-elevation forest (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana).
(A) The middle and low strata of the forest, evidencing the habitat of Brachycephalus mirissimus in the leaf litter.
(B) General view of the Morro Santo Anjo’s forest.

 Photographs by Luiz F. Ribeiro 

Figure 8: Vegetation at the type locality of Brachycephalus mirissimus, at 535 m above sea level, characterized by high-elevation forest (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana).
(A) The middle and low strata of the forest, evidencing the habitat of Brachycephalus mirissimus in the leaf litter. (B) General view of the Morro Santo Anjo’s forest.
Figure 9: Impacts at the type locality of Brachycephalus mirissimus.
 In (A) Morro Santo Anjo with plantation of Pinus sp. along the slope. In (B) forest boundary with palm plantation of Archontophoenix alexandrae.

Photographs by Luiz F. Ribeiro.

Habitat, abundance, and distribution. We recorded B. mirissimus calling throughout the day under the leaf litter, but with more intense vocal activity in the morning and later in the day. We did not hear the species throughout the study area, as it showed a patchy distribution, and it is not homogeneously abundant in these patches. In the patch where it appeared particularly abundant, we heard 14 males in 202 m2, resulting in one calling male per 14.5 m2.

The species is known from the type locality (Fig. 6), where it was found in a patchy distribution between 470 and 540 m a.s.l. in montane forest (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana; Fig. 8) that reaches about 18–28 m in height. We did not find the species in montane forest with a lower canopy (<10 m), which was in a very steep terrain. We estimate its “actual” extent of occurrence to be 56.8 ha (calculated excluding forested areas in very steep terrains). That estimate resulted in three in-line polygons, distant from each other by 190 and 60 m, which became isolated due to replacement of the original vegetation by Eucalyptus sp., Pinus sp. and palm plantations of Archontophoenix alexandrae H. Wendl. & Drude (Fig. 9; areas encompassed by polygons are 28.3, 23.1, and 5.4 ha). The historical extent of occurrence (i.e., before the deforestation) taken the above criteria, resulted in a continuous polygon of 111.8 ha.

...

Remarks. The type locality of B. mirissimus is 17.4 km distant in a straight line from the type locality of B. albolineatus, 18.9 km distant from the type locality of B. fuscolineatus, and 19.5 km distant from the type locality of B. boticario.

Marcio R. Pie, Luiz F. Ribeiro, André E. Confetti, Mário J. Nadaline and Marcos R. Bornschein​. 2018. A New Species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Brazil.  PeerJ. 6:e5683.  DOI:  10.7717/peerj.5683

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.