We describe a new species of the genus Ninia from the Chocó-Magdalena biogeographic province, which was previously reported as a distinct population of N. maculata or as N. atrata from the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. The new species is similar to N. atrata, N. celata, N. espinali, N. franciscoi, and N. maculata. It shares the following characteristics with the species mentioned above: 19 dorsal scale rows without reductions; dorsal ground color black or dark brown; white or cream occipital nuchal collar. However, it is easily distinguished from all other congeners because it has a non-regular color pattern in the ventral surfaces of the head and body, subcaudal surface homogeneously black or dark brown, two nasal scales, and one lateral projection ornamented with a large basal hook-shaped spine that is larger than any other spine on the hemipenial body. The presence of a lateral projection on the hemipenial body makes the new species the only member of the genus from South America that shares this feature with its Central American congeners. This feature suggests a closer relationship with this linage. Finally, our results indicate that proper and careful revision of the Ninia atrata species complex will help to understand and clarify the taxonomic composition of the genus.
Keywords: Reptilia, External morphology, Biogeography of the Colombian Pacific lowlands, Hemipenis, Ninia atrata, Ninia maculata, taxonomy
Ninia teresitae sp. nov.
FIGURE 2. General view of the holotype (ICN 12527) of Ninia teresitae sp. nov., in life (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views after its preservation.
Etymology. The specific epithet teresitae represent the Latin translation of the nickname from the Spanish “Teresita” and is given in honor to the grandmother of the first author, Maria Teresa Guerrero (1915−2013). “Teresita” was one of the most influential persons in her grandson’s life, who never failed to support him and encouraged his endless passion for snakes.
Teddy Angarita-Sierra and John D. Lynch. 2017. A New Species of Ninia (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Chocó-Magdalena Biogeographical Province, western Colombia. Zootaxa. 4244(4); 478–492. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.4.2
كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا
شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
The genus Dendropsophus is one of the most speciose among Neotropical anurans and its number of described species is increasing. Herein, molecular, morphological, and bioacoustic evidence are combined to assess species limits within D. parviceps, a widely distributed species in the Amazon Basin. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed using 3040 bp sequences of mitochondrial DNA, genes 12S, ND1, and CO1. The phylogeny shows three well-supported clades. Bioacoustic and morphological divergence is congruent with those clades demonstrating that Dendropsophus parviceps is a species complex. Dendropsophus parviceps sensu stricto occurs in the Amazon basin of Ecuador, northern Peru, southern Colombia and northwestern Brazil. It is sister to two previously undescribed species,Dendropsophus kubricki sp. n. from central Peru and Dendropsophus kamagarini sp. n. from southern Peru, northeastern Bolivia, and northwestern Brazil. Genetic distances (uncorrected p, gene 12S) between D. parviceps and the new species is 3 to 4%. Dendropsophus kamagarini sp. n. can be distinguished from D. parviceps by having a prominent conical tubercle on the distal edge of the upper eyelid (tubercle absent in D. parviceps). Dendropsophus kubricki sp. n. differs from D. parviceps by having scattered low tubercles on the upper eyelids (smooth in D. parviceps). Dendropsophus parviceps and both new species differ from all their congeners by their small size (adult maximum SVL = 28.39 mm in females, 22.73 mm in males) and by having a bright orange blotch on the hidden areas of the shanks and under arms. The advertisement call of the two new species has lower dominant frequency relative to D. parviceps. Probable speciation modes are discussed. Available evidence indicates that ecological speciation along an elevation gradient is unlikely in this species complex.
Figure 6. Dorsolateral and ventral views of Dendropsophus parviceps in life: A, B Adult male, from type locality Sarayaku, Pastaza, Ecuador (QCAZ 52752) C, D Adult male, from Canelos, Pastaza, Ecuador (QCAZ 52816) E Adult male, from Yasuní, Orellana, Ecuador (QCAZ 51073) F Amplectant pair from Nuevo Rocafuerte, Río Napo, Orellana, Ecuador (QCAZ 44773–74) G, H Adult female, from Chiroisla, Río Napo, Orellana, Ecuador (QCAZ 44440). Photographs by S. Ron.
Figure 1. Bayesian consensus phylogeny of Dendropsophus parviceps species complex based on 3040 bp of mtDNA. Node support is indicated with Bayesian posterior probabilities (pp) above branches and non-parametric bootstrap support below. Asteriks denote nodes with pp = 1 and bootstrap values = 100%. Outgroups, bootstrap values < 60%, and pp < 0.8 are not shown. Museum number and locality are provided for each sample. Abbreviations: BR = Brazil, PE = Peru, and EC = Ecuador.
Figure 9. Distribution of Dendropsophus parviceps species complex. Dendropsophus parviceps (Northern Clade, blue crosses), D. kubricki sp. n. (Central Clade, green circles), D. kamagarini sp. n. (Southern Clade, orange rhombi). Stars = type locality, figures with a small black dot at the center = referred specimens, and hollow figures = unconfirmed records.
Dendropsophus parviceps (Boulenger, 1882)
Hyla parviceps Boulenger, 1882: 393. Holotype BMNH 1947.2.13.51, an adult female from “Sarayacu”, Pastaza Province, Ecuador.
Dendropsophus parviceps – Faivovich et al. 2005: 93.
Diagnosis: Throughout the species account, coloration refers to preserved specimens unless otherwise noted. Dendropsophus parviceps is characterized by: (1) small size, mean SVL 16.4 mm in males (range 14.3–18.7; n = 65), 22.5 mm in females (range 20.3–24.4; n = 30); (2) throat sexually dimorphic, dark flecks posteriorly in males vs. white blotch with two or three longitudinal stripes or without stripes posteriorly in females (Fig. 8); (3) snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views, slightly inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; (4) nostrils slightly prominent; (5) tympanum visible, concealed posterodorsally, tympanic membrane differentiated and annulus evident; (6) conical tubercles on upper eyelid absent; (7) thoracic fold absent; (8) ulnar tubercles and outer tarsal tubercles indistinct; (9) axillary membrane present; (10) skin on dorsal surfaces smooth with scattered small tubercles; skin on chest areolate; skin on belly, posterior surfaces of thighs, and subcloacal area coarsely areolate; skin on throat and other surfaces smooth; (11) dark brown markings on dorsum (Fig. 8); (12) thenar tubercle is distinct; (13) hand webbing formula II11/2–2III2-–2-IV, feet webbing formula I1-−2-II1-−2-III1-–2IV2−1-V; (14) in life, dorsal surfaces brown, tan or grayish tan; (15) orange to amber blotch on the proximal ventral surface of shanks and under arms, from the axillae to near the elbow, in life (white to creamy white in preservative); (16) one suborbital white bar present both in life and preservative; (17) thighs are black to dark brown with two or three white spots on the anterodorsal surfaces both in life and preservative; (18) iris in life is creamy white to reddish brown with brow or dark brown reticulations.
.....
Distribution and ecology: Dendropsophus parviceps is known from 39 localities in the Ecuadorian Amazon basin (Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbíos, and Tungurahua provinces; Fig. 9), few localities in the Peruvian Amazon basin at northwest Loreto (Andoas and San Jacinto; Fig. 9), the Colombian Amazon (Río Apaporis, Vaupés Department, and Ceilán, Caquetá Department; Cochran and Goin 1970; Fig. 9), and northern Brazil (“Taracuá” [= Taracuacá], Río Uaupés, Amazonas State; Melin 1941). Elevation range is 151 m (Andoas) to 1600 m above sea level (Río Verde). Our Colombian records are unverified and are based on Cochran and Goin (1970) who examined three specimens (MLS 54 and MCZ 28058–59) and explicitly mention the absence of tubercles on the upper eyelids. Moreover, the SVL for a gravid female from Ceilan (MLS 54, 21.8 mm) falls outside the known size range of D. kubricki sp. n. and D. kamagarini sp. n. (Table 3). Ecuadorian localities from Sucumbíos province are close to the Colombian border further suggesting the presence of D. parviceps in Colombia. In addition, there is an unconfirmed register of D. parviceps from Ramal do Purupuru, km 34 on the BR-319 highway (3.3535°S, 59.8557°W, 35 m, Amazonas State, Brazil; Fig. 9).
Dendropsophus parviceps inhabits Amazonian lower montane forest, Amazonian foothill forest, and Amazonian evergreen lowland rainforest (habitat types based on Ron et al. 2017). Dendropsophus parviceps is an opportunistic breeder and can be found in primary and secondary forest, temporary ponds, flooded areas, swamps, and artificial open areas. Calling activity starts at dusk (17–18h), but it is mainly nocturnal. According to Lynch (2005), D. parviceps is a canopy species that visits the lower forest strata for breeding.
Figure 10. Dorsolateral and ventral views ofDendropsophus kamagarini sp. n. in life: A, B Adult male, from La Habana, Tambopata, Peru (CORBIDI 5259) C, D Adult male, from Bahuaja, Puno, Peru (CORBIDI 13148) E–H Adult females, from Pagoreni norte, La Convención, Peru E, F not collected. Dorsolateral and ventral views of Dendropsophus kamagarini sp. n. in life: G, H (CORBIDI 10018) I, J Adult male, from Tahuamanu, Nicolás Suárez, Bolivia (11.4074°S, 69.0180°W, 260 m, not collected) K, L Adult male, from El Negro, Manuripi, Bolivia (12.3134°S, 68.6689°W, 187 m, not collected) N Adult male, from Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (10.0387°S, 67.7957°W, 160 m, not collected) M Adult male, from Rio Madeira, Rondônia, Brazil (8.8482°S, 64.0689°W, 110 m, not collected). Photos A, B, E–H by V. Duran, C, D by P. J. Venegas I–L by A. Muñoz, N by P.R. Melo-Sampaio, and M by A.P. Lima.
Dendropsophus kamagarini sp. n.
Etymology: The specific name kamagarini is a noun derived from the Matsigenka language, which means demon or devil (Snell et al. 2011). The Matsigenka language is spoken by the Matsigenka people who inhabit the highlands and lowlands of southeastern Peru, in the departments of Cusco and Madre de Dios. Judeo-Christian religions depict the demon as a human figure with horns. The species name is in allusion to the prominent horn-like tubercles on the upper eyelid of D. kamagarini.
Diagnosis: Throughout the species description, coloration refers to preserved specimens unless otherwise noted. The new species is assigned to the genus Dendropsophus based on our phylogenetic results (Fig. 1) and the overall similarity with D. parviceps and other species of the genus (Figs 10–11). Dendropsophus kamagarini is a medium-sized species, relative to other species in the D. parviceps group and is characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size sexually dimorphic; mean SVL 19.9 mm in males (range 17.6–22.7; n = 35), 26.1 mm in females (range 24.0–28.1; n = 7); (2) throat brown mottled with white flecks posteriorly in males vs. white blotch with flecks or with stripes posteriorly in females (Fig. 11); (3) snout is short and truncate in dorsal and lateral views; (4) nostrils slightly protuberant; (5) tympanum visible, tympanic membrane non-differentiated, annulus distinct; (6) one prominent conical tubercle on the distal edge of the upper eyelid; (7) thoracic fold indistinct to barely evident; (8) ulnar tubercles and outer tarsal tubercles distinct; (9) axillary membrane present; (10) skin on dorsal surfaces smooth with scattered tubercles; skin on chest, belly, posterior surfaces of thighs, and subcloacal area coarsely areolate; skin on throat grooved with scattered tubercles; (11) dark brown markings on dorsum (Fig. 11); (12) thenar tubercle distinct; (13) hand webbing formula II1-–2+III1-–1-IV, feet webbing formula I11/2–2+II1-–1III1-–2-IV2–1V; (14) in life, dorsum tan, brown or reddish brown; (15) orange to amber blotch on the proximal ventral surface of shanks and under arms, from the axillae to near the elbow, in life (white to creamy white in preserved); (16) one suborbital white bar present both in life and preserved; (17) thighs black to dark brown with two or three spots on the anterodorsal surfaces both in life and preserved; (18) iris in life creamy white with brown to reddish brown reticulations and a cream ring around pupil.
Distribution and ecology: Dendropsophus kamagarini occurs in the Amazon basin of southeastern Peru (Cusco and Madre de Dios regions; Fig. 9), northwestern Brazil (Acre and Rondônia states; Fig. 9), and northeastern Bolivia, from the Andean slopes to lowland tropical rainforest (Fig. 9). Localities with known elevation range from 150 m (Acre) to 1696 m (Ochigoteni) above sea level.
Figure 13. Dorsolateral and ventral views of Dendropsophus kubricki sp. n. in life: A, B Holotype, adult male, from Río Tapiche, Requena, Peru (CORBIDI 15778) C, D Adult male from Río Tapiche, Requena, Peru (CORBIDI 15782) E Adult male from Jenaro Herrera, Requena, Peru (not collected) F Adults, pair in amplexus from Jenaro Herrera, Requena, Peru (not collected).Dorsolateral and ventral views of Dendropsophus kubricki sp. n. in life: G, H Adult female from Jenaro Herrera, Requena, Peru (not collected) I, J Adult female from Area de Conservación Municipal Chambira, Picota, Peru (CORBIDI 8864) K Adult female from Tarapoto, San Martín, Peru (6.4306°S, 76.2903°W, 600 m, not collected) L Adults, pair in amplexus from Area de Conservación Municipal Chambira, Picota, Peru (CORBIDI 8864–63). Photographs by P. J. Venegas.
Dendropsophus kubricki sp. n.
Etymology: The specific name kubricki is a noun in the genitive case and is a patronym for Stanley Kubrick, an American filmmaker who is one of the most brilliant and influential film directors of all time. We dedicate this species to him for his legacy to film culture and science fiction.
Diagnosis: Throughout the species description, coloration refers to preserved specimens unless otherwise noted. The new species is assigned to the genus Dendropsophus based on our phylogenetic results (Fig. 1) and the overall similarity with D. parviceps and other species of the genus (Figs 13–14). Dendropsophus kubricki is a medium-sized species, relative to other species in the D. parviceps group and is characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size sexually dimorphic; mean SVL 19.4 mm in males (range 18.3–20.1; n = 14), 26.0 mm in females (range 22.0–28.4; n = 8); (2) throat with white flecks posteriorly in males and white blotch with stripes posteriorly in females (Fig. 14); (3) snout truncate in dorsal view, rounded and inclined posteroventrally in lateral view; (4) nostrils slightly prominent; (5) tympanum distinct, rounded, concealed posterodorsally, tympanic membrane non-differentiated and annulus evident; (6) low tubercles on upper eyelid can be distinct or ill-defined; (7) thoracic fold slightly evident or indistinct; (8) ulnar tubercles and outer tarsal tubercles low; (9) axillary membrane present; (10) skin on dorsal surfaces smooth with scattered tubercles mainly on head; skin on throat areolate, skin on chest, belly, posterior surfaces of thighs, and subcloacal area coarsely areolate; (11) dark brown markings on dorsum consisting of chevrons and transverse blotches in variable arrangements (Fig. 14); (12) thenar tubercle distinct; (13) hand webbing formula II1-−2+III1-−1-IV, foot webbing formula I1-−2-II1-−2-III1-–2IV2−1-V; (14) in life, dorsal surfaces reddish brown, brown, or grayish tan; (15) orange to amber blotch on the proximal ventral surface of shanks and under arms, from the axillae to near elbow, in life (white to creamy white in preserved); (16) one suborbital white bar present both in life and preserved; (17) anterodorsal surfaces of thighs are black to dark brown with two or three white spots, both in life and preserved; (18) iris in life is reddish brown, brown or silver gray.
Distribution and ecology: Dendropsophus kubricki is distributed in the Amazon basin in northeastern and central Peru (Fig. 9), at elevations between 106 (Jenaro Herrera) and 725 m (Cordillera Azul). Dendropsophus kubricki was found in flooded forest. Specimens from Chambira were collected in a small pond in a Terra Firme forest. Males call at night while perching on leaves of bushes and trees. They were observed between 0.3 and 0.4 m above the water.
C. Daniel Rivadeneira, Pablo J. Venegas and Santiago R. Ron. 2018. Species Limits within the Widespread Amazonian treefrog Dendropsophus parviceps with Descriptions of Two New Species (Anura, Hylidae). ZooKeys. 726; 25-77. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.726.13864
كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا
شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
AOchyrocera varys sp. n., predating a Diptera B Ochyrocera atlachnacha sp. n., on the web C Ochyrocera misspider sp. n., couple in the web D Ochyrocera varys sp. n., carrying the egg sac.
Seven new species of the spider genus Ochyrocera from cave areas in Floresta Nacional de Carajás (state of Pará, northern Brazil) are described: Ochyrocera varys sp. n., Ochyrocera atlachnacha sp. n., Ochyrocera laracna sp. n., Ochyrocera aragogue sp. n., Ochyrocera misspider sp. n., Ochyrocera charlotte sp. n., and Ochyrocera ungoliant sp. n. Two groups of the species are discussed, the quinquivittata group that include specimens with an apparently bifid retrolateral apophysis in the cymbium of the male palp and the arietina group, here proposed, that include those specimens with an entire cymbium, with no retrolateral apophysis, in the male palp. Although these species were abundant inside caves, the examined specimens do not have troglomorphic characteristics and can be classified as edaphic troglophile species, capable of completing its life cycle in soil, shallow subterranean habitats, or caves.
Keywords: Amazonian region, Haplogynae, taxonomy
Figure 21. AOchyrocera varys sp. n., predating a Diptera B Ochyrocera atlachnacha sp. n., on the web C Ochyrocera misspider sp. n., couple in the web D Ochyrocera varys sp. n., carrying the egg sac E Entrance of an iron cave F Canga vegetation on rocky outcrop.
Ochyrocera varys sp. n., predating a Diptera.
Taxonomy
Ochyrocera Simon, 1892
Ochyrocera Simon, 1892: 565
(Type species, O. arietina Simon)
Ceruleocera Marples, 1955: 462 (Type species by original designation C. ransfordi Marples); Brignoli 1979: 598 (Syn.)
Diagnosis: Species of the genus Ochyrocera can be distinguished by having a tracheal spiracle between the epigastric fold and spinnerets (see Pérez-González et al. 2016: fig. 8A); clypeus sloping (Fig. 1A–B); tip of labium notched (Fig. 8E); long legs; male palp without tibial apophysis; cymbium conical and with prolateral extension, with or without apical cuspule; and flexed embolus projecting forward (Fig. 1C–D).
Composition: Thirty-nine species (World Spider Catalog 2017).
Distribution: With the exception of Ochyrocera ransfordi, described by Marples (1955) from Samoa, all described species are from Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Saint Vincent, Guatemala, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, and Brazil.
• Ochyrocera varys sp. n.
Diagnosis: Ochyrocera varys resembles Ochyrocera atlachnacha in its carapace, which is yellow and bright lime (Figs 1A–B; 4A–B) and palp with conical, elongated cymbial apophysis, and have a distal cuspule on the cymbial apophysis (Figs 1C–D, 4C–D). This species can be distinguished by the male palp having a cymbial apophysis without an accentuated lateral projection (present in O. atlachnacha) and by the curved distal area of embolus (Figs 1C–D, 2C–F); females have a thick spermathecae enveloping large pore-plates (Fig. 1E–F).
Etymology: The specific name refers to Varys, a fictional character in George R. R. Martin’s book, “A Song of Ice and Fire”. Lorde Varys is a character with a venomous spirit, known as a spider in the plot.
Distribution: Recorded from caves and epigean areas of Carajás, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 19A).
• Ochyrocera atlachnacha sp. n.
Diagnosis: Ochyrocera atlachnacha resembles O. varys by its carapace yellow and bright lime (Figs 1A–B, 4A–B) and palp with conical, elongated and distal cuspule in the cymbial apophysis (Figs 1C–D, 4C–D). It can be distinguished from the latter and other Neotropical species by the male palpal cymbium with accentuated cymbial prolateral projection (Figs 4D, 5C, E–F); females have enlarged and projected pore-plates on the inconspicuous spermathecae (Fig. 4E–F).
Etymology: The specific name refers to Atlach-Nacha, a supernatural entity from Cthulhu mythology that resembles a huge spider with an almost human face.
Distribution: Recorded exclusively from caves in Carajás, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 20B).
• Ochyrocera laracna sp. n.
Diagnosis: Ochyrocera laracna resembles O. aragogue by the yellowish-green body pattern (Figs 7A–B; 8A−B) and by the short cymbial apophysis with two distal spurs on projections (Fig. 7C–D), a unique character for both these Neotropical species. The male of the former species can be distinguished from the latter due to the palp having a flap at the distal area of embolus (Figs 7C–D; 8A−B) and a laminar spur in the curved area 8F). The female is distinguished from O. aragogue by the small distal area of the spermathecae and pore plates adjacent to the spermathecae base (Fig. 7E–F).
Etymology: The specific name refers to Laracna, a giant and very old spider created by J. R. R. Tolkien in the classic book “The Lord of the Rings”.
Distribution: Recorded from caves and epigean areas in the Carajás region, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 20A).
• Ochyrocera aragogue sp. n.
Diagnosis: Ochyrocera aragogue resembles O. laracna by the yellowish green body color pattern (Fig. 10A–B) and by the short cymbial apophysis with two distal cuspules on projections (Fig. 10C–D, 11F), a unique character for both these Neotropical species. The male can be distinguished from O. laracna by the palp with a sinuous distal area of embolus without laminar spur (Figs 10C–D, 11A–B, D). The female has an enlarged distal area of spermathecae and pore plates at the spermathecae base (Fig. 10E–F).
Etymology: The specific name refers to Aragog, a spider capable of communicating with humans and a lover of human flesh, from the literary classic “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets”, by J.K. Rowling.
Distribution: Recorded exclusively from caves in the Carajás region, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 19B).
C Ochyrocera misspider sp. n., couple in the web.
• Ochyrocera misspider sp. n.
Etymology: The specific name refers to Little Miss Spider, a very popular spider around the world and the main character of the children’s books by David Kirk.
Diagnosis: Ochyrocera misspider is the smallest among the species from Floresta Nacional de Carajás and resembles O. caeruleoamethystina Lopez & Lopez and O. thibaudi Emerit & Lopez by the small projection in the cymbium (see Lopez and Lopez 1997, fig. 8; Emerit and Lopez 1985, fig. 1A). It can be distinguished by the male palp with an elongated tibia, twice as long as the cymbium, and by the bifid embolus (Figs 13C–D, 14A–B). Females are distinguished from other species of the genus by the genitalia with a very long and narrow medial columnar uterus externus, internally with approximately 12 chambers, and an elongated, erect and sinuous spermathecae (Fig. 13F–G).
Distribution: Recorded exclusively from caves in the Carajás region, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 19B).
• Ochyrocera charlotte sp. n.
Diagnosis: Males and females of Ochyrocera charlotte sp. n. resemble those of O. ungoliant and O.viridissima Brignoli in having a subapical cuspule in the distal area of the cymbium (Fig. 17E−F; Brignoli 1974: fig. 6) but can be distinguished from these species by their yellowish cephalic area and cream body color pattern. Males can be distinguished by their pentagonal cymbium, with cylindrical tegulum (Fig. 17E–H). Females are diagnosed by the genitalia with a very narrow medial columnar uterus externus and an elongated and medially curved spermathecae (Fig. 17C–D).
Etymology: The specific name refers to Charlotte, the spider from the classic “Charlotte’s Web” by E.B. White and a great friend of the pig named Wilbur.
Distribution: Recorded exclusively from two caves in the Carajás region, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 20B).
• Ochyrocera ungoliant sp. n.
Diagnosis: Males and females of Ochyrocera ungoliant resemble those of O. charlotte and O. viridissima Brignoli in having a subapical cuspule in the distal area of the cymbium (Fig. 18G−H; Brignoli 1974: fig. 6), but can be distinguished from these species by their intense dark green color pattern and carapace with two longitudinal yellowish-green dorsal bands (Fig. 18A–B). Males can be diagnosed by their short cymbial apophysis with a very narrow tip and embolus with lamellar area in the distal third (Fig. 18E–H); and females by their genitalia with very short medial columnar uterus externus and spermathecae with broad and furrow apex (Fig. 18C–D).
Etymology: The specific name in apposition refers to Ungoliant, an evil spider spirit created by J. R. R. Tolkien in the book “The Silmarillion”.
Distribution: Recorded exclusively from three caves in the Carajás region, state of Pará, northern Brazil (Fig. 20A).
Antonio D. Brescovit, Igor Cizauskas and Leandro P. Mota. 2018. Seven New Species of the Spider Genus Ochyrocera from Caves in Floresta Nacional de Carajás, PA, Brazil (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae). ZooKeys. 726: 87-130. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.726.19778
كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا
شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
The Gymnogeophagus setequedas group is based on our results composed of three endemic species of which one,Gymnogeophagus taroba sp. n., is described as a new species. The three species are diagnosable from each other and from other species of Gymnogeophagus by stable differences in several morphological characters among which the best are found in coloration patterns. Body and head shapes and meristic characters show lesser differentiation but several are also clearly diagnostic in the G. setequedas group. The G. setequedas group is strongly structured allopatrically. The prime candidates for this fragmentation and speciation are the origins of the waterfalls on the individual tributaries. The largest of the waterfalls, the famous Cataratas del Iguazú, with a height of 72 m, separate G. taroba sp. n. from its closest relatives G. che and G. setequedas. The original 28 m high Urugua-í falls separate G. che from G. setequedas. Gymnogeophagus setequedas is separated from G. che and G. taroba by large rapids (about 65m in total elevation above the río Paraná) and a former fall on the Acaray river and by the 45 m high Monday falls located a few km from the mouth of the Monday into the río Paraná just opposite the mouth of the Iguazú.
Key words. Cichlid fishes, endemism, morphology, La Plata River basin, Paraná river basin
Figure 3- Gymnogeophagus taroba, coloration of live specimens immediatelly after capture. (A-B) IBIGEO-I 449, paratype specimens, 87.8 mm, 79.8 mm. (C-D) MLP uncat., Říčan et al., February 2014, data as holotype.
Taxonomy
Family Cichlidae Bonaparte, 1835
Genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918
Gymnogeophagus taroba, new species (Figures 1-7; Table 1)
Gymnogeophagus aff. setequedas Casciotta et al., 2016
(photo of live holotype, first mention of the species)
Diagnosis.Gymnogeophagus taroba is distinguished from all species of Gymnogeophagus in the G.gymnogenys group by the possession of 23 to 25 E1 scales and the absence of a well developed adipose hump in adult males. Gymnogeophagus taroba is most easily distinguished from all species in the G. rhabdotus group (G. terrapurpura, G. rhabdotus, G. meridionalis, G. setequedas and G. che) by the pigmentation of the dorsal fin. ....
......
Etymology. The specific epithet taroba refers to Tarobá, a warrior, and refers to a legend of the Kaingang people; a noun in apposition. The Kaingang were the original first inhabitants of the present province of Misiones in Argentina and the southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and also the southeastern state of São Paulo. Their language and culture is quite distinct from the neighboring Guaraní. The Kaingang language is classified as a member of the Gê language family. The legend tells that at the beginning of time, the río Iguazú was inhabited by a huge and monstrous serpent called Mboi, a guardian god. The Kaingang sacrificed a beautiful young maiden every year to Mboi. When Tarobá meets Naipí, chosen for the sacrifice, he rebells against the elders of the tribe who refuse to release her. Tarobá and Naipí try to escape in a canoe by the river. Mboi becomes furious and brakes the course of the river forming the Iguazú falls, catching the lovers. Naipí is transformed into one of the rocks of the falls, perpetually punished by the turbulent waters, and Tarobá is turned into a palm tree on the bank of the waterfall. Mboi lives submerged in the Garganta del Diablo, from where he watches over the lovers, preventing them from joining again. However, on sunny days and as a bridge of love, the rainbow overcomes the power of Mboi by rejoining Naipí and Tarobá.
Jorge Casciotta, Adriana Almirón, Lubomir Piálek and Oldřich Říčan. 2017. Gymnogeophagus taroba (Teleostei: Cichlidae), A New Species from the río Iguazú Basin, Misiones, Argentina. HISTORIA NATURAL. Tercera Serie. 7(2); 5-22.
Resumen. En base a nuestros resultados, el grupo Gymnogeophagus setequedas esta compuesto por tres especies endémicas, de las cuales, G. taroba sp. n., se describe como una nueva especie. Las tres especies son diagnosticables entre sí y de otras especies de Gymnogeophagus por diferencias estables en varios caracteres morfológicos, entre los cuales los mejores son los patrones de coloración. La forma del cuerpo, la cabeza y los caracteres merísticos muestran una menor diferenciación, pero algunos también son claramente diagnósticos en el grupo G. setequedas. El grupo G. setequedas está fuertemente estructurado alopátricamente. La causa principal para esta fragmentación y especiación es la formación de cascadas en los afluentes. La más grande de las cascadas, la famosa Catarata del Iguazú, con una altura de 72 m, separa G. taroba sp. n. de sus parientes más cercanos G. che y G. setequedas. El salto original del Urugua–í de 28 m de altura, separa G. che de G. setequedas. Gymnogeophagus setequedas está separada de G. che y G. taroba por grandes rápidos (unos 65 m de elevación total sobre el río Paraná) y un primer salto en el río Acaray y por otro salto de 45 m de altura en el río Monday localizado a unos pocos kilómetros de la desembocadura del Monday en el río Paraná justo enfrente de la desembocadura del Iguazú.
Palabras clave. Cíclidos, endemismo, morfología, Cuenca del Plata, Cuenca del río Paraná
كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا
شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
Integrative taxonomy seeks to approach the complex topic of species diagnosis using independent, complementary lines of evidence. Despite their ubiquity throughout North and Central America, taxonomy of the American leopard frogs (Anura: Ranidae: Rana: subgenus Pantherana) remains largely unresolved, and this is arguably nowhere truer than in the Central American country of Honduras, where there are two nominal species, the taxonomy of which remains unresolved. Leopard frogs from several mountainous areas along the continental divide in Honduras have previously been considered putative hybrids between Rana brownorum and R. cf. forreri, as opposed to two alternate hypotheses: one that they represent a high-altitude eco-morph of a single widespread species that included both lowland forms, or a second that there is an undescribed highland species distinct from either of the recognized lowland forms. We examine this set of hypotheses using three independent lines of evidence. First, we used species distribution modelling to examine potential geographic isolation of the highland form and the two putative parental lowland species, and found strong ecological separation between the highland and lowland forms. Second, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA supports the distinction of the highland form from both putative parental species, with mtDNA data refuting the hypothesis that representatives of either species may represent a matrilineal founder. Morphologically, the highland form is significantly smaller than, and otherwise readily differentiated from, both R. brownorum and R. cf. forreri, as well as all other Rana found in Honduras and adjacent areas. As a result, we formally describe the highland leopard frog as a new species.
Key words: Amphibia, integrative taxonomy, mitochondrial DNA, Pantherana, phylogeny, rhodopsin, species distribution modelling
Rana lenca sp. nov.
Common English name. Lenca Leopard Frog
Common Spanish name. La Rana Lenca
Etymology. The name lenca is given in honour of the indigenous Lenca people, the traditional inhabitants of the mountainous region of south-western Honduras.
Paratypes of Rana lenca from Reserva Biologica Cerro Uyuca, 1,640 m elevation, Departamento de Francisco Morazan,Honduras: (1) adult female paratype (UF 166642; 64.3 mm SL); (2) Subadult female paratype (UF 166643) and tadpole (UF 166637).
Photos by Jason M. Butler.
Unvouchered examples of Rana lenca; (1) adult male from the type locality; (2) adult female from the type locality; (3) adult male from the Reserva Biologica Cerro Uyuca; (4) adult female from the Reserva Biologica Cerro Uyuca.
Unvouchered examples of Rana lenca; (1) adult male from the type locality; (2) adult female from the type locality; (3) adult male from the Reserva Biologica Cerro Uyuca; (4) adult female from the Reserva Biologica Cerro Uyuca; (5) adult male at edge of pond at type locality; (6) adult female floating amongst Pinus oocarpa needles in a spring-fed pool at Reserva Biologica Cerro Uyuca.
Type locality of Rana lenca; San Pedro La Loma, 2010 m elevation, Depto. Intibuca, Honduras. in January 2008 (top) and during drought conditions in May 2015 (bottom).
Ileana Luque-Montes, James D. Austin, Kayla D. Weinfurther, Larry David Wilson, Erich P. Hofmann and Josiah H. Townsend. 2018. An Integrative Assessment of the Taxonomic Status of Putative Hybrid Leopard Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from the Chortís Highlands of Central America, with Description of A New Species. Systematics and Biodiversity. In Press. DOI 10.1080/14772000.2017.1415232
كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا
شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
For more than a century we have known that a high diversity of arthropod species lives in close relationship with army ant colonies. For instance, several hundred guest species have been described to be associated with the Neotropical army ant Eciton burchellii Westwood, 1842. Despite ongoing efforts to survey army ant guest diversity, it is evident that many more species await scientific discovery.
Results:
We conducted a large-scale community survey of Eciton-associated symbionts, combined with extensive DNA barcoding, which led to the discovery of numerous new species, among them a highly specialized histerid beetle, which is formally described here. Analyses of genitalic morphology with support of molecular characters revealed that the new species is a member of the genus Nymphister. We provide a literature review of host records and host-following mechanisms of Eciton-associated Haeteriinae demonstrating that the new species uses an unusual way of phoretic transport to track the nomadic habit of host ants. Using its long mandibles as gripping pliers, the beetle attaches between the ants’ petiole and postpetiole. The beetles specifically attach to medium-sized ant workers, thus participating as hitchhikers in the regular colony emigrations of the single host species Eciton mexicanum Roger, 1863.
Conclusion:
By providing tools for reliable species identification via morphology and DNA barcodes for hitherto unknown army ant guest species, we set the baseline for studies targeting the ecological and evolutionary dynamics in these species-rich host-symbiont communities.
Keywords: Phoresy, Social parasitism, Myrmecophile, Eciton, Host specificity, Nymphister, Army ants, Specialization, Symbiosis
Nymphister kronaueri
Etymology. We dedicate this species to Daniel Kronauer, an avid field biologist and long-time army ant researcher, who discovered the species during an Eciton mexicanum s. str. colony emigration.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality, i.e. La Selva Biological Station, a lowland Atlantic rainforest in Costa Rica.
Conclusions
Despite the enduring efforts to explore the microcosm of army ant-associated arthropods, a large proportion of unknown biodiversity still exists today. Myrmecophile communities of army ant species other than E. burchellii and E. hamatum have not been intensively studied, and thus it can be expected that many more species with fascinating adaptations still await scientific discovery. The present study is an example demonstrating the benefits of a combined approach, using morphology and DNA barcodes, to discover and describe new species in ant-myrmecophile communities.
Christoph von Beeren and Alexey K. Tishechkin. 2017. Nymphister kronaueri von Beeren & Tishechkin sp. nov., An Army Ant-associated Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Haeteriinae) with An Exceptional Mechanism of Phoresy. BMC Zoology. 2:3. DOI: 10.1186/s40850-016-0010-x
كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا
شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
