[PaleoOrnithology • 2017] Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus • The First Known Piscivorous Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of China ---ScRaBBlE

Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus 

Wang & Zhou, 2017  

 DOI:  10.1080/02724634.2017.1278702 

ABSTRACT

A fish-eating enantiornithine bird with a gastric pellet composed of fish bones has recently been reported from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China. Along with other discoveries, this specimen reveals that distinct features of modern avian digestive system were well established in those early birds. On the basis of a detailed anatomical study presented here, we show that this fish-eating enantiornithine bird represents a new taxon, Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus, gen. et sp. nov. The well-preserved elements of the skull, neck, sternum, and pelvis further enrich our understanding of the morphological diversity in early enantiornithines. Most notably, the cranial articular facet of the caudal cervical vertebra is dorsoventrally concave and mediolaterally convex, a feature otherwise unknown among other birds and with unclear functional significance.

  Life reconstruction of the fish-eating enantiornithine bird, eating – and vomiting – habits.

Illustration: SHI Aijuan 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

AVES Linnaeus, 1758

ORNITHOTHORACES Chiappe, 1995

ENANTIORNITHINES Walker, 1981

PISCIVORENANTIORNIS, gen. nov.

Type Species:— Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus, sp. nov.

Etymology:— The generic name is derived from Latin ‘pisci’ and ‘vor,’ intended to convey ‘a fish-eating enantiornithine bird.’

PISCIVORENANTIORNIS INUSITATUS, sp. nov.

Etymology:— The specific name is from Latin ‘inusitatus,’ referring to the unusual cranial articular facet of the caudal cervical vertebra. 

FIGURE 1. Photograph of the holotype of Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus, gen. et sp. nov., IVPP V22582.

Scale bar equals 10 mm. 

Figure 3. A Sketch Reconstruction of the Fish-Eating Enantiornithine Bird Represented by IVPP V22582 

Min Wang and Zhonghe Zhou. 2017. A Morphological Study of the First Known Piscivorous Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of China.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI:  10.1080/02724634.2017.1278702

Min Wang, Zhonghe Zhou and Corwin Sullivan. 2016. A Fish-Eating Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of China Provides Evidence of Modern Avian Digestive Features. Current Biology. 26; 1170–1176.  DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.055

ResearchGate.net/publication/301758510_A_Fish-Eating_Enantiornithine_Bird_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_of_China_Provides_Evidence_of_Modern_Avian_Digestive_Features

Fish-eating enantiornithine bird provides evidence of modern avian digestive features http://phy.so/381743208 via @physorg_com

World's oldest bird vomit heaved out in China https://www.earthtouchnews.com/discoveries/discoveries/worlds-oldest-bird-vomit-heaved-out-in-china/

http://english.ivpp.cas.cn/rh/rp/201605/t20160506_162837.html

http://www.paleozoo.cn/julebu/daerwen/hdyg/1828.html

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[PaleoOrnithology • 2017] Leucocarbo septentrionalis • Speciation, Range Contraction and Extinction in the Endemic New Zealand King Shag Complex ---ScRaBBlE

Leucocarbo septentrionalis

Rawlence, Till, Easton, Spencer, Schuckard, Melville, Scofield, Tennyson, Rayner & Waters, 2017

Kohatu Shag || DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.011 

Highlights

• New Zealand King Shag occupied a ‘relict’ distribution for at least the past 240 years.

• Ancient DNA indicates drop in genetic variability and range shortly after human arrival.

• Leucocarbo from northern New Zealand represent new extinct species, Kohatu Shag.

• New Zealand biodiversity hotspot for Phalacrocoracidae.

Abstract

New Zealand’s endemic King Shag (Leucocarbo carunculatus) has occupied only a narrow portion of the northeastern South Island for at least the past 240 years. However, pre-human Holocene fossil and archaeological remains have suggested a far more widespread distribution of the three Leucocarbo species (King, Otago, Foveaux) on mainland New Zealand at the time of Polynesian settlement in the late 13th Century CE. We use modern and ancient DNA, and morphometric and osteological analyses, of modern King Shags and Holocene fossil Leucocarbo remains to assess the pre-human distribution and taxonomic status of the King Shag on mainland New Zealand, and the resultant conservation implications. Our analyses show that the King Shag was formerly widespread around southern coasts of the North Island and the northern parts of the South Island but experienced population and lineage extinctions, and range contraction, probably after Polynesian arrival. This history parallels range contractions of other New Zealand seabirds. Conservation management of the King Shag should take into account this species narrow distribution and probable reduced genetic diversity. Moreover, combined genetic, morphometric and osteological analyses of prehistoric material from mainland New Zealand suggest that the now extinct northern New Zealand Leucocarbo populations comprised a unique lineage. Although these distinctive populations were previously assigned to the King Shag (based on morphological similarities and geographic proximity to modern Leucocarbo populations), we herein describe them as a new species, the Kohatu Shag (Leucocarbo septentrionalis). The extinction of this species further highlights the dramatic impacts Polynesians and introduced predators had on New Zealand’s coastal and marine biodiversity. The prehistoric presence of at least four species of Leucocarbo shag on mainland NZ further highlights its status as a biodiversity hotspot for Phalacrocoracidae.

Keywords: Ancient DNA; Extinct; Holocene fossil; King Shag; Kohatu Shag; Leucocarbo carunculatus; Leucocarbo septentrionalis; New species; New Zealand

Fig. 8. Cranial skeletal elements of the holotype of Kohatu Shag (Leucocarbo septentrionalis; NMNZ S.34434). (a) Lateral view; (b) Dorsal view; (c) Ventral view. 

 Systematic palaeontology

PELECANIFORMES Sharpe, 1891

PHALACROCORACIDAE Reichenbach, 1849

LEUCOCARBO Bonaparte, 1857

 [type species (by subsequent designation, Ogilvie-Grant, 1898) Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, 1837]

LEUCOCARBO SEPTENTRIONALIS  SP. NOV.

English name: Kohatu Shag; Maori name: Kawau Kohatu

Type locality: Tokerau Beach, Doubtless Bay, Northland, New Zealand.

Etymology: septentrionalis from the medieval Latin for northern. This specific name recognises that this was the northernmost New Zealand member of the genus Leucocarbo. The name Kawau Kohatu in Maori is derived from the phrase ‘Te Ao Kohatu’ and means ‘shag [Kawau] from the stone age before our time [Te Ao Kohatu]’. The name recognises the species was found in Holocene fossil deposits of the iwi Ngati Kuri’s tribal area.

Distribution: Formerly of Northland, New Zealand.

Nicolas J. Rawlence, Charlotte E. Till, Luke J. Easton, Hamish G. Spencer, Rob Schuckard, David S. Melville, R. Paul Scofield, Alan J.D. Tennyson, Matt J. Rayner and Jonathan M. Waters. 2017. Speciation, Range Contraction and Extinction in the Endemic New Zealand King Shag Complex.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. in press. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.011

Another extinct bird: Northland’s unique shag  blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2017/08/14/another-extinct-bird-northlands-unique-shag via @te_papa

Hiding in plain sight: how we found New Zealand’s newest seabird, the Kōhatu Shag"  sciblogs.co.nz/guestwork/2017/08/14/kohatu-shag   @sciblogsnz 

  

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[PaleoOrnithology • 2017] An Ichthyornis-like bird from the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of European Russia ---ScRaBBlE

An Ichthyornis-like bird from the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of European Russia. 

Zelenkov, Averianov & Popov, 2017

elementy.ru   Illustration: Andrey Atuchin 

Abstract

Ornithuromorph birds (the clade which includes modern avian radiation) first appeared in the Early Cretaceous in Asia and achieved a great diversity during the latest ages of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian). The evolutionary history of orithuromorphs during the first 17 MYAs of the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian ages) remains very poorly known, as the fossil record for this time interval is largely restricted to several isolated finds of the classic avian genus Ichthyornis in North America. Here we describe an isolated distal tibiotarsus of an evolutionary advanced bird, morphologically similar to Ichthyornis, from the middle Cenomanian of Saratov Province, European Russia. This is the first documentation of an Ichthyornis-like bird in the Old World. The find further constitutes only the second pre-Campanian record of the Late Cretaceous Ornithuromorpha in Eurasia, the second record of Cenomanian birds in Russia. This discovery shows that Ichthyornis-like birds enjoyed a wide geographical distribution as early as the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. Given that the earliest and the most primitive ornithuromorph birds are known from Asia, the new find supports a Eurasian origin for Ichthyornithidae.

Keywords: Cenomanian; East Europe; Ornithuromorpha; Palaeobiogeography

Systematic paleontology

Aves Linnaeus 1758

Ornithuromorpha Chiappe et al. 1999

Ornithurae Haeckel 1866

?Ichthyornithidae Marsh 1873

Gen. et sp. indet.

Material. Specimen PIN 5554/1, distal fragment of a right tibiotarsus.

Locality and horizon. Site SNB-2a, Nizhnyaya Bannovka, Krasnoarmeisk District, Saratov Province, Russia; Middle Member, Melovatka Formation, middle Cenomanian, lower Upper Cretaceous.

Fig. 2. Specimen PIN 5554/1, distal tibiotarsus of an Ichthyornis-like bird from the middle Cenomanian of European Russia. A, lateral view; B, cranial view; C, medial view; D, caudal view; E, proximal view; F, distal view; G, interpretative drawing of the cranial view.

Abbreviations: cl, condylus lateralis; cm, condylus medialis; conc, concavity; csic, concavities within sulcus intercondylaris; ?dep, depression; em, epicondylus medialis; sic, sulcus intercondylaris; se, sulcus extensorius; tub, tuberosity. 

DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.011

Conclusions

A partial tibiotarsus from the middle Cenomanian of the Nizhnyaya Bannovka locality in Saratov Province (European Russia) belongs to an evolutionary advanced ornithuromorph bird, similar in size and morphology to the North American Ichthyornis. This is the first reliable documentation of Ichthyornis-like birds in the Old World, because previously referred specimens indeed belong to Enantiornithes. This discovery confirms a wide geographic distribution of Ichthyornis-like birds already in the beginning of the Late Cretaceous and supports the Eurasian origin of Ichthyornithidae. The new specimen is further the first pre-Campanian Late Cretaceous ornithuromorph bird in Eurasian known from postcranial material.

Nikita V. Zelenkov, Alexander O. Averianov and Evgeny V. Popov. 2017. An Ichthyornis-like bird from the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of European Russia.
 Cretaceous Research. 75; 94–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.011

Поволжский ихтиорнис • Никита Зеленков • Научная картинка дня на «Элементах» • Палеонтология https://elementy.ru/kartinka_dnya/307/Povolzhskiy_ikhtiornis

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[PaleoOrnithology • 2017] Tsidiiyazhi abini • Early Paleocene Landbird Supports Rapid Phylogenetic and Morphological Diversification of Crown Birds after the K–Pg Mass Extinction ---ScRaBBlE

 Tsidiiyazhi abini 

Ksepka, Stidham & Williamson, 2017 

storagetwo.com

 Artwork by Sean Murtha @KsepkaLab  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700188114 

Significance: 

Molecular (DNA) studies suggest that birds radiated rapidly in the wake of the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction (66 Ma), diversifying into nearly all the major groups we recognize today. However, fossil evidence for this pattern has been difficult to find because of the poor fossilization potential of small, delicate-boned birds. We report a tiny species of bird from ∼62.5 million-year-old rocks in New Mexico. Tsidiiyazhi abini (Navajo for “little morning bird”) is an ancient species of mousebird (Coliiformes). The fossil provides evidence that many groups of birds arose just a few million years after the mass extinction and had already begun evolving specializations of the foot for different ecological roles.

Abstract

Evidence is accumulating for a rapid diversification of birds following the K–Pg extinction. Recent molecular divergence dating studies suggest that birds radiated explosively during the first few million years of the Paleocene; however, fossils from this interval remain poorly represented, hindering our understanding of morphological and ecological specialization in early neoavian birds. Here we report a small fossil bird from the Nacimiento Formation of New Mexico, constrained to 62.221–62.517 Ma. This partial skeleton represents the oldest arboreal crown group bird known. Phylogenetic analyses recovered Tsidiiyazhi abini gen. et sp. nov. as a member of the Sandcoleidae, an extinct basal clade of stem mousebirds (Coliiformes). The discovery of Tsidiiyazhi pushes the minimum divergence ages of as many as nine additional major neoavian lineages into the earliest Paleocene, compressing the duration of the proposed explosive post–K–Pg radiation of modern birds into a very narrow temporal window parallel to that suggested for placental mammals. Simultaneously, Tsidiiyazhi provides evidence for the rapid morphological (and likely ecological) diversification of crown birds. Features of the foot indicate semizygodactyly (the ability to facultatively reverse the fourth pedal digit), and the arcuate arrangement of the pedal trochleae bears a striking resemblance to the conformation in owls (Strigiformes). Inclusion of fossil taxa and branch length estimates impacts ancestral state reconstructions, revealing support for the independent evolution of semizygodactyly in Coliiformes, Leptosomiformes, and Strigiformes, none of which is closely related to extant clades exhibiting full zygodactyly.

Keywords: aves, phylogeny, morphology, fossil, evolution

Fossil bones of Tsidiiyazhi abini, a 62.5 million-year-old fossil representing the oldest arboreal species of crown bird.

photos: Kate Dzikiewicz  

Systematic Paleontology

 Aves Linnaeus, 1758

 Coliiformes Murie, 1872 cf. 

Sandcoleidae Houde and Olson, 1992 

Tsidiiyazhi abini, gen. et sp. nov

Etymology. The genus and species names are derived from the Navajo (Diné Bizaad) language, reflecting the discovery of the fossil within ancestral Navajo lands. The genus name is derived from the words “tsidii” for “bird” and “yazhi” for “little,” in reference to the fossil’s small size. The specific epithet is derived from the Navajo word “abini” for “morning,” referencing the early Paleocene age of the taxon. Pronunciation using International Phonetic Alphabet phonetic symbols is as follows: /tsɪdi:jæʒi:/ /′ɔbɪnɪ/.

Type Locality and Horizon. NMMNH locality L-6898 comprises a relatively thin (<10 cm) muddy siltstone bed of restricted areal extent, representing an exposure of the Ojo Encino Member of the Nacimiento Formation. The site is located on the West Flank of Torreon Wash within the San Juan Basin, in Sandoval County, New Mexico. ....

Diagnosis. Tsidiiyazhi abini is differentiated from all other Coliiformes by the following apomorphies: (i) tubercle on the medial face of cranial end of the scapula, (ii) strongly developed triangular protuberance at the apex of impressio m. sternocoracoidei of the coracoid, (iii) medially displaced distal exit of canalis extensorius of the tibiotarsus, and (iv) arcuate arrangement of the metatarsal trochleae. 

....

Tsidiiyazhi abini life reconstruction by Sean Murtha.

Daniel T. Ksepka, Thomas A. Stidham and Thomas E. Williamson. 2017. Early Paleocene Landbird Supports Rapid Phylogenetic and Morphological Diversification of Crown Birds after the K–Pg Mass Extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700188114

facebook.com/BruceMuseum/photos/10155503677784383

New species of ancient bird discovered in New Mexico phy.so/418976380 @physorg_com

http://www.storagetwo.com/blog/2017/7/a-new-bruce-discovery-the-little-morning-bird

 twitter.com/KsepkaLab/status/884496684381855745

 

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[PaleoOrnithology • 2017] Cruralispennia multidonta • A Bizarre Early Cretaceous Enantiornithine Bird with Unique Crural Feathers and An Ornithuromorph Plough-shaped Pygostyle ---ScRaBBlE

Cruralispennia multidonta 

Wang, O’Connor, Pan & Zhou, 2017  

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14141 

Abstract

Enantiornithes are the most successful clade of Mesozoic birds. Here, we describe a new enantiornithine bird, Cruralispennia multidonta gen. et sp. nov., from the Protopteryx-horizon of the Early Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of China. Despite being among the oldest known enantiornithines, Cruralispennia displays derived morphologies that are unexpected at such an early stage in the evolution of this clade. A plough-shaped pygostyle, like that of the Ornithuromorpha, evolved convergently in the Cruralispennia lineage, highlighting the homoplastic nature of early avian evolution. The extremely slender coracoid morphology was previously unknown among Early Cretaceous enantiornithines but is common in Late Cretaceous taxa, indicating that by 131 million years ago this clade had already experienced considerable morphological differentiation. Cruralispennia preserves unusual crural feathers that are proximally wire-like with filamentous distal tips, a new morphotype previously unknown among fossil or modern feathers, further increasing the known diversity of primitive feather morphologies.

Systematic palaeontology

Aves Linnaeus 1758

Ornithothoraces Chiappe 1995

Enantiornithes Walker 1981

Cruralispennia multidonta gen. et sp. nov.

 Etymology. The generic name is derived from Latin ‘Cruralis’ and ‘penna’, referring to the unique feathers on the tibiotarsus; the specific name is derived from Latin ‘mult’ and ‘donta’, referring to the numerous dentary teeth.

 Holotype. IVPP 21711 (housed at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology), a nearly fully articulated partial skeleton with associated feathers preserved on a single slab.

Locality and horizon. The new specimen is collected from the Protopteryx-horizon of the Huajiying Formation at the Sichakou Basin, Fengning County, Hebei Province, northeastern China. Four other birds are reported from the same horizon, Eoconfuciusornis, Protopteryx, Eopengornis and Archaeornithura. Stratigraphic correlation and isotopic dating place this horizon at 130.7 Myr ago, late Early Cretaceous.

 Diagnosis. A small enantiornithine with the following unique features: 14 dentary teeth; abbreviated, plough-shaped pygostyle with a pygostyle/tarsometatarsus length ratio of about 0.28; coracoid mediolaterally narrow with the sternal margin measuring only one-quarter of the proximo-distal length; sternum bearing a V-shaped caudal margin and two pairs of subequal caudal trabeculae; manus shorter than the humerus; postacetabular process of the ilium short and strongly ventrally directed; dorsal process of the ischium more distally placed; and pubis without a distal expansion.

Figure 1: Cruralispennia multidonta holotype (IVPP V21711).
 (a) Photograph; (b) line drawing. ca, caudal vertebra; cv, cervical vertebra; il, ilium; is, ischium; lad, left alular digit; lco, left coracoid; lde, left dentary; lfe, left femur; lhu, left humerus; lmd, left major digit; lpd; left pedal digits; lra, left radius; lta, left tarsometatarsus; lti, left tibiotarsus; lul, left ulna; pu, pubis; py, pygostyle; qu, quadrate; rco, right coracoid; rfe, right femur; rhu, right humerus; rmd, right major digit; rpd, right pedal digits; rra, right radius; rsc, right scapula; rta, right tarsometatarsus; rti, right tibiotarsus; rul, right ulna; sk, skull; st, sternum; sy, synsacrum; tv, thoracic vertebra. The white circles (numbered 1–5) and box indicate the locations of the feather and histological samples, respectively. Scale bar, 10 mm. 

Figure 7: Major transitions of fibula and tail morphology across Mesozoic birds.
 The tree, simplified from the strict consensus tree produced by our phylogenetic analysis, is time-scaled using the ‘minimal branch length’ method with a minimum branch length of 1 Myr (see Supplementary Fig. 5 for complete result and node support values). The thick lines indicate the temporal range of fossil taxa. An elongated fibula (in red) is developed in non-ornithothoracine Aves, and the most basal enantiornithines Protopteryx and Pengornithidae; a reduced fibula is convergently evolved in the Ornithuromorpha and derived enantiornithines. Cruralispennia preserves a plough-shaped pygostyle (in pink), which has long been considered unique to Ornithuromorpha (the pink branches). The apparent absence of tail fanning in Cruralispennia indicates that the plough-shaped pygostyle and tail fanning is evolutionarily decoupled in this lineage (the silhouettes were from ref. 47; the reconstruction of tail feathers is on basis of refs 3, 30). 

Min Wang, Jingmai K O’Connor, Yanhong Pan and Zhonghe Zhou. 2017. A Bizarre Early Cretaceous Enantiornithine Bird with Unique Crural Feathers and An Ornithuromorph Plough-shaped Pygostyle. Nature Communications. 8, Article number: 14141. 

  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14141

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[PaleoOrnithology • 2017] Kumimanu biceae • A Paleocene Penguin from New Zealand Substantiates Multiple Origins of Gigantism in Fossil Sphenisciformes ---ScRaBBlE

Kumimanu biceae

Mayr, Scofield, De Pietri & Tennyson, 2017

 DOI:  10.1038/s41467-017-01959-6 

Abstract

One of the notable features of penguin evolution is the occurrence of very large species in the early Cenozoic, whose body size greatly exceeded that of the largest extant penguins. Here we describe a new giant species from the late Paleocene of New Zealand that documents the very early evolution of large body size in penguins. Kumimanu biceae, n. gen. et sp. is larger than all other fossil penguins that have substantial skeletal portions preserved. Several plesiomorphic features place the new species outside a clade including all post-Paleocene giant penguins. It is phylogenetically separated from giant Eocene and Oligocene penguin species by various smaller taxa, which indicates multiple origins of giant size in penguin evolution. That a penguin rivaling the largest previously known species existed in the Paleocene suggests that gigantism in penguins arose shortly after these birds became flightless divers. Our study therefore strengthens previous suggestions that the absence of very large penguins today is likely due to the Oligo-Miocene radiation of marine mammals.

Systematic paleontology

Aves Linnaeus, 1758

Sphenisciformes Sharpe, 1891

Kumimanu biceae, n. gen. et sp.

  Holotype. NMNZ S.45877: partial skeleton of a single individual including cranial end of left scapula, incomplete right coracoid, cranialmost portion of sternum, partial left humerus, incomplete proximal end of left ulna, right femur, right tibiotarsus lacking proximal end, partial synsacrum, three vertebrae, and various bone fragments.

  Etymology. From kumi (Maori), a large mythological monster, and manu (Maori), bird. The species epithet honors Beatrice (“Bice”) A. Tennyson, the mother of AJDT, who fostered his interest in natural history (pronounced “bee-chee-ae”).

  Type locality and horizon. Hampden Beach, Otago, New Zealand (NZ Fossil Record Number J42/f0956; precise locality information is recorded at NMNZ); Moeraki Formation, late Paleocene (late Teurian, local stratigraphic level NZP522, which has an absolute age of 55.5.-59.5 million years23; a matrix sample taken from the fossil (GNS Science sample L29126) contained a specimen of the dinoflagellate Palaeocystodinium australinum and an unnamed dinoflagellate taxon that support a Teurian age for this sample; C. Clowes, pers. comm.).

  Diagnosis. A very large-sized sphenisciform species, which is characterized by proximodistally low and widely spaced condyles of the tibiotarsus. Distinguished from the late Paleocene Crossvallia and all post-Paleocene Sphenisciformes of which humeri are known in the dorsoventrally narrower humerus shaft, with ratio of maximum width of proximal end of humerus to minimum width of shaft being 2.4 (less than this value in Crossvallia and all post-Paleocene Sphenisciformes of which the humerus is known). Distinguished from Waimanu tuatahi in having the bicipital crest of humerus not forming a distally directed bulge. Distinguished from Waimanu manneringi (the humerus of which is unknown) in having the tibiotarsus with proximodistally lower and more widely spaced condyles.

The humerus (top) and a bone from the shoulder girdle (coracoid, bottom) of the Paleocene giant penguin Kumimanu biceae, compared to the corresponding bones of one of the largest fossil penguins known to date (Pachydyptes ponderosus from the Eocene in New Zealand) and those of an Emperor Penguin (Aptendodytes forsteri).

photo: G. Mayr/Senckenberg Research Institute.

Gerald Mayr, R. Paul Scofield, Vanesa L. De Pietri and Alan J. D. Tennyson. 2017. A Paleocene Penguin from New Zealand substantiates multiple origins of gigantism in fossil Sphenisciformes. Nature Communications. 8, Article number: 1927. DOI:  10.1038/s41467-017-01959-6

Giant Prehistoric Penguins Once Swam Off The Coast Of New Zealand  houstonpublicmedia.org/npr/2017/12/12/570136162/giant-prehistoric-penguins-once-swam-off-the-coast-of-new-zealand/

A giant human-sized ancient penguin has been discovered  ibt.uk/A6vYD 

Ancient man-sized penguin found in New Zealand beach  zmescience.com/science/news-science/man-sized-penguin-zealand-12122017/ via @zmescience

 「怪物」サイズのペンギン、ニュージーランドで化石発見  afpbb.com/articles/-/3155164?pid=19636136 via @afpbbcom

   

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.