The family Desmatophocidae represents an early radiation of extinct pinnipeds that peaked in diversity during the middle Miocene. Although represented by abundant well-preserved fossils, the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of this family remain poorly known. Late Miocene desmatophocids have been recorded, although none have been formally described, preventing a thorough appraisal of their decline and extinction. We report the discovery of a new species, Allodesmus demerei sp. nov., represented by a partial skeleton with cranium, mandibles, and axial skeleton, from the upper Miocene Montesano Formation of Washington, prompting reinterpretation of desmatophocid taxonomy, phylogeny, and extinction. Phylogenetic analysis (95 characters, 26 taxa) found strong support for monophyletic Desmatophocidae and Allodesmus. Desmatophocidae was found as sister to Phocidae with poor support. Allodesmus demerei was placed within the Allodesmus as the sister taxon to Allodesmus kernensis. The geochronologically young age (10.5–9.1 Mya) of Al. demerei establishes this species as the last of the desmatophocid seals. The middle Miocene peak in desmatophocid diversity coincides with the middle Miocene climatic optimum, suggesting that declining sea surface temperature played a role in their decline and extinction. Walruses diversified and increased in body size during the mid- to late Miocene as desmatophocids declined, suggesting some form of ecological displacement.
Robert W. Boessenecker and Morgan Churchill. 2018. The Last of the Desmatophocid Seals: A New Species of Allodesmus from the upper Miocene of Washington, USA, and a revision of the taxonomy of Desmatophocidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlx098. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx098
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ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
The genus Adelogorgia is distinguished from other holaxonians in having conspicuously ornamented double-disc sclerites and leaf clubs in the coenenchyme, and non-mineralised axis cores. The two eastern Pacific species currently recognised as Adelogorgia are diagnosed and illustrated. Three new species for the genus are described from new localities and depth ranges. Analysis of external and internal characters, especially sclerite colours and sizes, and colony colour, shape and branching, allows separating the species. An identification key to the five species is provided, as well as a character table for comparisons. This study was based on newly collected specimens from 50 to 200 m deep, and re-examination of all historical material. We conclude that the genus comprises five valid species with a wider distribution than previously reported. This research is a contribution to the octocoral systematics and biodiversity from mesophotic and deep waters.
Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834 Subclass Octocorallia Haeckel, 1866
Order Alcyonacea Lamouroux, 1816 Family Plexauridae Gray, 1859
Genus Adelogorgia Bayer, 1958 Adelogorgia Bayer, 1958: 46; Bayer 1978: 1026–1027; Harden 1979: 137. Type species.Adelogorgia phyllosclera Bayer, 1958 by original designation Type locality. La Jolla, California. Diagnosis (modified from Bayer, 1958; 1978). Colonies bushy, fan-shaped or sparsely branched. Branching lateral, irregular, or dichotomous; with moderately thick coenenchyme; polyps fully retractile, communicating directly with the longitudinal canal system (gastrodermal canals, solenia); anthocodia with eight subtentacular points consisting of spinous rods, not forming a distinct collaret. Polyp mounds prominent, slightly raised or flat, without specific types of sclerites, but leaf clubs concentrated around polyp apertures. Outer coenenchyme with conspicuous double discs with expansions on one side having various degrees of ornamentation; tuberculate spindles and leaf clubs. Axial sheath containing less developed spindles, radiates and capstans. Axis with wide cross-chambered central core. Loculi between lamellae and central core without mineralised filaments. Colony colours white, lemon-yellow, pink, orange and various hues of red. Sclerites of the same colours and colourless. Distribution. The species has been reported from La Jolla, California, USA; Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Bayer 1958, 1978); Baja California, Mexico (Harden 1979); and recently found along Pacific coast of Costa Rica and off Pacific coast of Panamá. Reported from 30 to 300 m deep (Cairns et al. 2002).
FIGURE 8. Adelogorgia osculabunda sp. nov., MZUCR 2494 (OCT-0083) (holotype) (A) colony; (B) detail of the branches; (C) sclerites.
Adelogorgia osculabunda sp. nov. Habitat and Distribution. The species has been collected by bottom trawls from sandy or muddy-sand substrata. It was also obtained from fishing lines and nets from rocky shoals, where the colonies were ripped as bycatch or were entangled in the lines from 40 to 60 m deep. Adelogorgia osculabunda was commonly collected together with Leptogorgia regis Hickson, 1928, Muricea fruticosa Verrill, 1868, Muricea subtilis Breedy and Guzman, 2016 and two Psammogorgia species. The species was found at various localities in Costa Rica, from: off Salinas Bay and Santa Elena Bay to Cape Santa Elena, Guanacaste (northern Pacific); and Punta Mala, Puntarenas (central Pacific) that suggests a wide distribution of the species along the Pacific. In Panamá, Pearl Islands, the colonies were obtained by dredging at 80 m deep, which presently represents the deepest record. Etymology. Named osculabunda, Latin adjective derived from osculum: little mouth, kiss. In Latin context, osculabunda is the one that covers with kisses, in allusion to the red prominent polyp-mounds that cover the branches. Remarks. This species is similar to A. hannibalis in the prominent polyp-mounds showing a little darker orange contrasting with the colony colour, but is not as evident as in A. osculabunda. Thinner colonies of A. osculabunda look similar to A. hannibalis, but in A. osculabunda, the polyp-mounds are closer and stiffer than in A. hannibalis. Additionally, sclerite analysis shows clear differences between the two species.
FIGURE 10. Adelogorgia hannibalis sp. nov., STRI 1206 (holotype) (A) colony; (B) detail of the branches; (C) sclerites.
Adelogorgia hannibalis sp. nov. Habitat and Distribution. The species was found on the Hannibal Bank, a coastal guyot-type seamount that rises from approximately 500 m to 45 m, located 50 km from the mainland (Cunningham et al. 2013). The seamount is relatively protected as part of the Coiba National Park and World Heritage. The species was found on rocky substrate with strong currents. It is only known from the type locality, Hannibal Bank, from 180 to 200 m deep. Etymology. Named after the Hannibal Bank and the surveyor USS Hannibal that discovered and charted the bank for the first time, presumably in 1934. The name Hannibal evokes the Carthaginian general, considered one of the greatest military commanders in ancient history. In genitive: hannibalis (L) meaning ¨of Hannibal¨.
FIGURE 12. Adelogorgia adusta sp. nov., STRI-HH 1220 (holotype). (A) colony; (B) detail of the branches; (C) sclerites. B, photograph by Sean Mattson.
Adelogorgia adusta sp. nov. Habitat and Distribution. The species was found in the Hannibal Bank, on rocky substrates impacted by currents. Adelogorgia adusta is only known from the type locality Hannibal Bank, from 73 to 94 m deep. Etymology. Named adusta, Latin adjective meaning burnt, scorched, charred, in allusion to the burnt appearance that the colony takes after fixation. The word adustus, in Castellan language, adusto, was evoked in verse 62 of The Fable of Polifemo and Galatea (Spanish poet Luis de Góngora) referring to the son of the Pirineo (giant mount) who supposedly was put in flames
Odalisca Breedy and Hector M. Guzman. 2018. Revision of the Genus Adelogorgia Bayer, 1958 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Octocorallia) with the Description of Three New Species. Zootaxa. 4369(3); 327–348. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.2
New Fractal-like Soft Coral Species Discovered in Panama and Costa Rica bit.ly/2E8vCxg
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ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
Many odontocete groups have developed enlarged facial crests, although these crests differ in topography, composition and function. The most elaborate crests occur in the South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica), in which they rise dorsally as delicate, pneumatized wings anterior of the facial bones. Their position wrapping around the melon suggests their involvement in sound propagation for echolocation. To better understand the origin of crests in this lineage, we examined facial crests among fossil and living Platanistoidea, including a new taxon, Dilophodelphis fordycei, nov. gen. and sp., described herein, from the Early Miocene Astoria Formation of Oregon, USA. We measured the physical extent and thickness of platanistoid crests, categorized their relative position and used computed tomography scans to examine their internal morphology and relative bone density. Integrating these traits in a phylogenetic context, we determined that the onset of crest elaboration or enlargement and the evolution of crest pneumatization among the platanistoids were separate events, with crest enlargement beginning in the Oligocene. However, we find no evidence for pneumatization until possibly the Early Miocene, although certainly by the Middle Miocene. Such an evolutionary context, including data from the fossil record, should inform modelling efforts that seek to understand the diversity of sound generation morphology in Odontoceti.
KEYWORDS: cetacean, Platanistoidea, river dolphins, Miocene, pneumatization, computed tomography
Systematic palaeontology
Cetacea Brisson, 1762
Odontoceti Flower, 1867 sensu Fordyce and Muizon, 2001
Platanistoidea sensu Boersma and Pyenson 2016
Platanistidae Gray, 1846 sensu Boersma and Pyenson 2016
Dilophodelphis, gen. nov.
Type and only included species. Dilophodelphis fordycei, sp. nov.
Etymology. From the Greek words di (double), lophos (crest) and delphis (dolphin), referring to the enlarged supraorbital crests on the dorsal surface of the skull, resembling twin mountain crests. This construction also evokes the dinosaur Dilophosaurus wetherilli Welles 1954, a double-crested theropod recovered from Early Jurassic sequences of the Kayenta Formation in Arizona, USA.
Dilophodelphis fordycei, sp. nov.
Figure 1. Skull of Dilophodelphis (USNM 214911) in dorsal view. (a) Illustrated skull with low opacity mask, interpretive line art and labels for skull elements. Dotted lines indicate uncertainty of sutures, and dashed lines highlight fossae. Hatched pattern indicates areas where sediment is obscuring the fossil. (b) Photograph of skull in dorsal view, photography by James Di Loreto, Smithsonian Institution. fr., frontals; max., maxilla; n., nasal; pmx., premaxilla; pmx. sac fossa, premaxillary sac fossa.
Figure 2. Skull of Dilophodelphis (USNM 214911) in ventral view. (a) Illustrated skull with low opacity mask, interpretive line art and labels for skull elements. Dotted lines indicate uncertainty of sutures, and dashed lines highlight fossae. Hatched pattern indicates areas where sediment is obscuring the fossil. (b) Photograph of skull in ventral view, photography by James Di Loreto, Smithsonian Institution. fr., frontal; max., maxilla; p., pterygoid; v., vomer.
The endangered South Asian river dolphin, Platanista gangetica (middle), swimming alongside two of its fossil relatives: the longirostral Pomatodelphis inaequalis (bottom) and the new species Dilophodelphis fordycei (top). None of the species lived together at the same time. Glow-throughs to the skulls highlight the diversity in supraorbital crest shape and size among the members of this family.
Figure 3. Skull of Dilophodelphis (USNM 214911) in right and left lateral views. (a) Illustrated skull in right lateral view and (b) left lateral view with low opacity mask, interpretive line art and labels for skull elements. Dotted lines indicate uncertainty of sutures, and dashed lines highlight fossae. Hatched pattern indicates areas where sediment is obscuring the fossil. (c) Photograph of skull in right lateral view and (d) left lateral view, photography by James Di Loreto, Smithsonian Institution. exocc., exoccipital; m., maxilla; par., parietal; p., pterygoid; sq., squamosal; temp. fossa, temporal fossa; zyg. process, zygomatic process.
Etymology: The species epithet honours Prof. R. Ewan Fordyce, FRSNZ, native New Zealander and prominent vertebrate palaeontologist. The epithet recognizes his extensive and long-lasting contributions to the field of marine mammal palaeontology, including his commitment to mentoring future scientists, especially in shaping the career paths of the authors herein. The epithet also honours his long-standing interest in the fossil marine mammal record of Oregon, which has yielded pivotal specimens for over a century, including Simocetus rayiFordyce 2002, which he described.
Alexandra T. Boersma, Matthew R. McCurry and Nicholas D. Pyenson. 2017. A New Fossil Dolphin Dilophodelphis fordycei Provides Insight Into the Evolution of Supraorbital Crests in Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea). Royal Society Open Science. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170022
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شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا
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تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا
ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
Species of Macrhybopsis aestivalis species complex from eastern North America. A) Macrhybopsis hyostoma, Female, 34 mm SL, Alabama, Limestone County, Elk River. B) Macrhybopsis boschungi, Female, 50 mm SL, Alabama, Dallas County, Cahaba River. C) Macrhybopsis etnieri, Female, 44 mm SL, Alabama, Bibb County, Cahaba River. D) Macrhybopsis pallida, Female, 36 mm SL, Alabama, Escambia County, Conecuh River. E) Macrhybopsis tomellerii, Female, 51 mm SL, Mississippi, Covington County, Pascagoula River drainage.
For many years the North American cyprinid fish Macrhybopsis aestivalis (common name: Speckled Chub) was regarded as a single widespread and morphologically variable species, occurring in rivers throughout much of the Mississippi Valley and geographically adjacent eastern Gulf slope drainages, west to the Rio Grande basin in Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Eisenhour (1997) completed a morphological study of western populations of the Speckled Chub, the results of which appeared thereafter in published form (Eisenhour 1999, 2004). He demonstrated the existence of five valid species west of the Mississippi River (aestivalis, marconis, australis, tetranema, hyostoma), of which the name aestivalis was shown to be restricted to the population occurring in the Rio Grande and the geographically adjacent Rio San Fernando system, in northeastern Mexico. Eisenhour (2004) considered populations throughout the middle Mississippi Valley and its major tributaries to be a single morphologically variable species (hyostoma), and he also indicated that populations of Macrhybopsis from eastern Gulf slope drainages may represent a complex of species. Genetic confirmation of Eisenhour’s conclusions regarding western species appeared in the publication by Underwood et al. (2003), who also showed that western populations of M. hyostoma, as presently recognized, are genetically much more complex than previously considered.
Meanwhile, the present authors were involved in a companion study of eastern populations of Macrhybopsis, for which a genetic summary of the eastern Gulf coast species was published by Mayden & Powers (2004). Based on their findings, four species were recognized from southeastern drainages (identified as species A–D), although no formal taxonomic descriptions were included. Their genetic data, in combination with meristic, morphometric and other morphological data presented herein, form the basis for a revised classification of eastern Macrhybopsis populations, including formal descriptions of the four new species from eastern Gulf coast drainages.
FIGURE 1. Species of Macrhybopsis aestivalis species complex from eastern North America. A) Macrhybopsis hyostoma, UAIC 11060.03, Female, 34 mm SL, Alabama, Limestone County, Elk River, 28 September 1994. B) Macrhybopsis boschungi, UAIC 10845.03, Female, 50 mm SL, Alabama, Dallas County, Cahaba River, 12 July 1993. C) Macrhybopsis etnieri, UAIC 11053.01, Female, 44 mm SL, Alabama, Bibb County, Cahaba River, 24 June 1994. D) Macrhybopsis pallida, UAIC 10855.04, Female, 36 mm SL, Alabama, Escambia County, Conecuh River, 15 July 1993. E) Macrhybopsis tomellerii, UAIC 11364.03, Female, 51 mm SL, Mississippi, Covington County, Pascagoula River drainage, 18 February 1994.
Systematic accounts
• Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Gilbert 1884)
Shoal Chub
Etymology. The species name hyostoma is derived from the words hyo (=hog) and stoma (=mouth), in reference to the underlying position of the mouth relative to the projecting snout.
Etymology. Named for the late Dr. Herbert T. Boschung, Emeritus Professor of Biology at the University of Alabama, for his many contributions over the years to southeastern ichthyology in general and the state of Alabama in particular, including co-authorship of Fishes of Alabama (Boschung & Mayden 2004).
It should be noted here that the vernacular name “Mobile Chub” used here differs from the name “Gulf Chub” applied by Boschung & Mayden (2004: 209; plate 21A). Considering its geographical distribution, we consider the former name to be more appropriate for the species.
• Macrhybopsis etnieri Gilbert & Mayden sp. nov.
Coosa Chub
Etymology. Named for Dr. David A. Etnier, Emeritus Professor of Zoology at the University of Tennessee, for his many contributions to southeastern ichthyology and aquatic biology, including co-authorship of the definitive book on the fishes of Tennessee.
FIGURE 1.Species of Macrhybopsis aestivalis species complex from eastern North America. A) Macrhybopsis hyostoma, UAIC 11060.03, Female, 34 mm SL, Alabama, Limestone County, Elk River, 28 September 1994.B) Macrhybopsis boschungi, UAIC 10845.03, Female, 50 mm SL, Alabama, Dallas County, Cahaba River, 12 July 1993.C) Macrhybopsis etnieri, UAIC 11053.01, Female, 44 mm SL, Alabama, Bibb County, Cahaba River, 24 June 1994.D) Macrhybopsis pallida, UAIC 10855.04, Female, 36 mm SL, Alabama, Escambia County, Conecuh River, 15 July 1993.E) Macrhybopsis tomellerii, UAIC 11364.03, Female, 51 mm SL, Mississippi, Covington County, Pascagoula River drainage, 18 February 1994.
• Macrhybopsis pallida Gilbert & Mayden sp. nov.
Pallid Chub
Etymology. The species name pallida is in reference to the generally pallid body pigmentation characteristic of this species.
Etymology. Named for Joseph R. Tomelleri, biological illustrator living in Leawood, Kansas, whose unsurpassed and meticulously rendered color illustrations of North American freshwater fishes have graced the pages of numerous scientific publications (including the present one), as well as books such as Fishes of the Central United States (Tomelleri & Eberle 1990) and Fishes of Alabama (Boschung & Mayden 2004).
C.R. Gilbert, R.L. Mayden and S.L. Powers. 2017. Morphological and Genetic Evolution in eastern Populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the Descriptions of Four New Species.
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ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.
Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015).
Images taken by M.R.Gordon exceptB. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.
We describe a new species of toad from the Great Basin region of northern Nevada belonging to the Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. This cryptic species was detected through genetic analyses of toad populations sampled throughout the Great Basin and the morphological evidence was quantified through extensive sampling of live toads within the region. The new species has the smallest body size in the species complex, and can be further diagnosed from other species in the complex by its large tibial glands and unique coloration. The known distribution of the new species is restricted to an area less than 6 km2 in Dixie Valley, Churchill Co., Nevada. The Great Basin is an arid region where aquatic resources are both rare and widely scattered, making habitat suitable for anuran populations highly vulnerable to anthropogenic change. The habitat occupied by this newly described species is threatened by the incipient installation of geothermal and solar power development projects that require the water that defines its habitat.
Keywords: Amphibia, Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov., Dixie Valley Toad, Western Toad, Bufo(Anaxyrus) boreas species complex, cryptic species, morphology, new species, conservation, geothermal
FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view.
Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon.
FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015).
Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.
Bufo(Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov.
Dixie Valley Toad
Diagnosis. Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is distinguishable from B. boreas by a combination of diagnostic morphological characters (Fig. 4; Table 1, Table 2), genetic evidence (Fig.3, Fig. 6), and localized distribution (Fig. 2b). Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is distinct from B. boreas by: a small adult body size (SVL is more than 2.5 cm smaller than B. boreas; Table 1); significantly, but modestly, larger, closely-set eyes, and smaller head (Table 2); statistically and perceptibly larger tympanum, and shorter hind limbs; conspicuously large and elevated tibial glands; and distinctive color pattern (Fig. 4a, Fig. 4b).
FIGURE 2.Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015).
Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.
Etymology. The specific epithet is in tribute to Robert Williams, former Field Supervisor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife, whose Herculean efforts on behalf of the fauna of Nevada and California were critically important in discovering additional biodiversity of anurans in the Great Basin, and in focusing on the needs to provide protection to the rare and imperiled fauna, and the ecosystems upon which they depend, in Nevada and California. The Dixie Valley toad would not have been discovered without the efforts of this courageous public servant.
Distribution. Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is found only within wetlands of limited extent fed from artesian springs on the western edge of the Dixie Valley Playa, east of the Stillwater Range in Dixie Valley, NV (Fig. 2b).
Natural history.Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is restricted to the spring fed-wetland habitat along the western edge of the Dixie Valley playa. Similar to other toads in the B. boreas complex (except perhaps B. exsul, which is more aquatic), the terrestrial B. williamsi is typically nocturnal, emerging at dusk, and can be found in moist vegetation or in very still, shallow water with very little vegetation canopy. Dixie Valley experiences extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night temperatures, as well as season-to-season extremes, characteristic of cold desert ecosystems.
Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle and C. R. Tracy. 2017. A Diamond in the Rough Desert Shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A New Cryptic Toad Species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada. Zootaxa. 4290(1); 123–139. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.7
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