[Paleontology • 2017] Luskhan itilensis • Plasticity and Convergence in the Evolution of Short-Necked Plesiosaurs ---ScRaBBlE

Luskhan itilensis 

Fischer, Benson, Zverkov, Soul, Arkhangelsky, Lambert, Stenshin, Uspensky & Druckenmiller, 2017

  Reconstruction by Andrey Atuchin. Andrey-Atuchin.blogspot.com

 DOI:  10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.052 

Highlights

• A new unusual pliosaur marine reptile is described from the Cretaceous of Russia

• Ecomorphological convergence is assessed in short-necked plesiosaurs

• Pliosaurs repeatedly evolved longirostrine piscivorous forms

• Profound convergence characterizes the evolution of short-necked plesiosaurs

Summary

Plesiosaurs were the longest-surviving group of secondarily marine tetrapods, comparable in diversity to today’s cetaceans. During their long evolutionary history, which spanned the Jurassic and the Cretaceous (201 to 66 Ma), plesiosaurs repeatedly evolved long- and short-necked body plans. Despite this postcranial plasticity, short-necked plesiosaur clades have traditionally been regarded as being highly constrained to persistent and clearly distinct ecological niches: advanced members of Pliosauridae (ranging from the Middle Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous) have been characterized as apex predators, whereas members of the distantly related clade Polycotylidae (middle to Late Cretaceous) were thought to have been fast-swimming piscivores. We report a new, highly unusual pliosaurid from the Early Cretaceous of Russia that shows close convergence with the cranial structure of polycotylids: Luskhan itilensis gen. et sp. nov. Using novel cladistic and ecomorphological data, we show that pliosaurids iteratively evolved polycotylid-like cranial morphologies from the Early Jurassic until the Early Cretaceous. This underscores the ecological diversity of derived pliosaurids and reveals a more complex evolutionary history than their iconic representation as gigantic apex predators of Mesozoic marine ecosystems suggests. Collectively, these data demonstrate an even higher degree of morphological plasticity and convergence in the evolution of plesiosaurs than previously thought and suggest the existence of an optimal ecomorphology for short-necked piscivorous plesiosaurs through time and across phylogeny.

Keywords: Plesiosauria, Thalassophonea, convergence, ecomorphology, morphospace, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Luskhan itilensis, plasticity, evolution

Luskhan itilensis 

  Reconstruction by Andrey Atuchin. 

Andrey-Atuchin.blogspot.com

Plesiosauria Blainville, 1835 

Pliosauridae Seeley, 1874

Thalassophonea Benson & Druckenmiller, 2014 

Brachaucheninae Williston, 1925 sensu Benson & Druckenmiller

Luskhan itilensis gen. et sp. nov

Etymology: The Volga river area is the heartland of Golden Horde from the Mongol Empire. In Mongolian and Turkic mythology, ‘‘luuses’’ are spirits and masters of water, and ‘‘khan’’ means chief. ‘‘Itil’’ is the ancient Turkic name of the Volga.

Holotype, Horizon, and Locality: YKM 68344/1_262, a nearly complete, three-dimensionally preserved skeleton excavated in 2002 by one of us (G.N.U.) in the upper portion of the Speetoniceras versicolor Zone, upper Hauterivian, Lower Cretaceous on the right bank of the Volga river, 3 km north of the Slantsevy Rudnik village, western Russia. The horizon is level g-5 in local stratigraphy

Valentin Fischer, Roger B.J. Benson, Nikolay G. Zverkov, Laura C. Soul, Maxim S. Arkhangelsky, Olivier Lambert, Ilya M. Stenshin, Gleb N. Uspensky and Patrick S. Druckenmiller. 2017. Plasticity and Convergence in the Evolution of Short-Necked Plesiosaurs. Current Biology. DOI:  10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.052 

Andrey-Atuchin.blogspot.com/2017/05/luskhan-itilensis-new-pliosaur-from.html
facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1458921420795323

New species of fossil marine reptile, by Valentin Fischer @UniversiteLiege https://eurekalert.org/e/7pZh via @EurekAlert

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Paleontology • 2017] Deltasuchus motherali • A Large Neosuchian Crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of North Texas ---ScRaBBlE

Deltasuchus motherali

Adams, Noto & Drumheller, 2017

DOI:   10.1080/02724634.2017.1349776  

ABSTRACT

A new taxon of neosuchian crocodyliform, Deltasuchus motherali, gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a partial skull recovered from the Arlington Archosaur Site within the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of north-central Texas. This productive locality represents a delta plain ecosystem preserving a diverse coastal fauna, including lungfish, turtles, dinosaurs (ornithopods and theropods), and crocodyliforms. Prior to this discovery, the only identified crocodyliforms from the Woodbine Formation had been the longirostrine taxa Terminonaris and Woodbinesuchus. This new taxon is differentiated from other known crocodyliforms by the presence of dual pseudocanines on both the dentary and maxilla; anterior and posterior rami of jugal comparable in depth; anterolaterally facing margin on the dorsal portion of the postorbital; contact between the descending process of the postorbital and the ectopterygoid; and a large, deep fossa on the ventral surface of the quadrate. Phylogenetic analysis recovers D. motherali as the sister taxon to Paluxysuchus newmani from the Lower Cretaceous Twin Mountains Formation of Texas. This clade lies within Neosuchia basal to Goniopholididae + Eusuchia. The associated cranial elements of this new crocodyliform represent a large, broad-snouted individual, an ecomorphotype often associated with the semiaquatic ambush predator niche in this clade, and one not previously reported from the formation.

FIGURE 3. A, articulation of cranial elements of Deltasuchus motherali, gen. et sp. nov., in dorsal view. B, reconstruction of the complete skull of D. motherali. Missing elements in gray, based on Paluxysuchus newmani (Adams, 2013).   Scale bar equals 10 cm.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

CROCODYLIFORMES Hay, 1930

MESOEUCROCODYLIA Whetstone and Whybrow, 1983

NEOSUCHIA Benton and Clark, 1988

DELTASUCHUS, gen. nov.

Type Species—Deltasuchus motherali, sp. nov.

Etymology—Deltasuchus, ‘Delta’ in reference to the coastal delta plain deposits of the Woodbine Formation in which the new taxon was found; and ‘suchus,’ derived from ‘Souchos,’ the Greek term for the Egyptian crocodile god, Sobek.

DELTASUCHUS MOTHERALI, sp. nov.

Etymology— Deltasuchus motherali, in honor of Austin Motheral, who discovered the type specimen.

Dr. Stephanie Drumheller, Dr. Thomas Adams, and Dr. Chris Noto with the skull of Deltasuchus motherali.

FB: Arlington Archosaur Site

AAS volunteers working to uncover fossils, including those of Deltasuchus, in 2009.

Thomas L. Adams, Christopher R. Noto and Stephanie Drumheller. 2017. A Large Neosuchian Crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of North Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI:   10.1080/02724634.2017.1349776 

 facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1718574991527461&id=188601874524788 

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

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كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Arachnida • 2017] The Superficial Ant: A Revision of the Neotropical Ant-mimicking Spider Genus Myrmecium Latreille, 1824 (Araneae, Corinnidae, Castianeirinae) ---ScRaBBlE

Myrmecium malleum  

Candiani & Bonaldo, 2017 
 DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4230.1.1 

Abstract

The ant-mimiking spider genus Myrmecium Latreille, 1824 is revised, including 38 species, all herein diagnosed, described and illustrated. The following synonymies are proposed: Myrmecium aurantiacum Mello-Leitão, 1941 syn. nov. with M. camponotoides Mello-Leitão, 1932; M. gounellei Simon, 1896 syn. nov. and M. obscurum Keyserling, 1891 syn. nov. with M. latreillei Lucas, 1857; M. itatiaiae Mello-Leitão, 1932 syn. nov. and M. vertebratum Walckenaer, 1837 syn. nov. with M. rufum Latreille, 1824. Myrmecium bonaerense Holmberg, 1881 is considered as species inquirenda. Males of M. dacetoniforme, Mello-Leitão, 1932, M. fuscum Dahl, 1907, M. latreillei Lucas, 1857, M. trifasciatum Caporiacco, 1947 and adults of M. viehmeyeri Dahl, 1907 and M. reticulatum Dahl, 1907 are described for the first time. Myrmecium bifasciatum Taczanowski, 1874, M. monacanthum Simon, 1897 and M. rufum Latreille, 1824 are also redescribed and illustrated. The following 28 new species are described, diagnosed and illustrated: M. amphora sp. nov. (female from Chichiriviche, Venezuela); M. bolivari sp. nov. (male and female from Caracas and Sucre, Venezuela and Colombia); M. carajas sp. nov. (male from Pará, Brazil); M. carvalhoi sp. nov. (female from Piauí, Tocantins and Goiás, Brazil); M. catuxy sp. nov. (female from Amazonas, Brazil and Puerto Lopez, Colombia); M. chikish sp. nov. (female from Huánuco, Peru); M. cizauskasi sp. nov. (male and female from Amazonas, Brazil); M. oliveirai sp. nov. (male from Amazonas, Brazil); M. deladanta sp. nov. (male from Sucúmbios, Ecuador); M. diasi sp. nov. (male and female from Amazonas, Brazil); M. erici sp. nov. (female from British Guiana); M. ferro sp. nov. (female from Paraiba, Brazil); M. indicatti sp. nov. (male and female from Pará, Brazil); M. nogueirai sp. nov. (female from Amazonas, Brazil and Madre de Dios, Peru); M. lomanhungae sp. nov. (male and female from Amazonas and Pará, Brazil); M. machetero sp. nov. (female from Beni, Bolivia); M. malleum sp. nov. (male and female from Aragua and Lara, Venezuela and Caldas, Colombia); M. oompaloompa sp. nov. (male and female from Bahia, Brazil and Kurupukari, Guyana); M. otti sp. nov. (male and female from Pará, Amazonas and Mato Grosso, Brazil and Madre de Dios in Peru); M. pakpaka sp. nov. (male and female from Huánuco, Peru); M. raveni sp. nov. (male and female from Amazonas and Pará, Brazil); M. ricettii sp. nov. (male and female from the states of Pará, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Goiás and Mato Grosso, Brazil and Puerto Lopez, Colombia); M. luepa sp. nov. (male from Bolívar, Venezuela); M. souzai sp. nov. (male from Amazonas, Brazil); M. tanguro sp. nov. (male and female from Rondonia, Mato Grosso, Brazil); M. tikuna sp. nov. (male from Amazonas, Brazil); M. urucu sp. nov. (female from Amazonas, Brazil); M. yamamotoi sp. nov. (male and female from Amapá, Amazonas and Pará, Brazil and Marowijne, Suriname).

Keywords: Araneae, taxonomy, new species, synonymy, Myrmecomorphy, morphology

Myrmecium malleum sp. nov.: live male

Photo by Daniel Llavaneras 

 David F. Candiani and Alexandre B. Bonaldo. 2017. The Superficial Ant: A Revision of the Neotropical Ant-mimicking Spider Genus Myrmecium Latreille, 1824 (Araneae, Corinnidae, Castianeirinae). Zootaxa.  4230(1); 1–95.  DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4230.1.1

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2017] A Re-evaluation of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Cyrtodactylus condorensis group (Squamata; Gekkonidae) and A Suggested Protocol for the Characterization of Rock-dwelling Ecomorphology in Cyrtodactylus ---ScRaBBlE

Cyrtodactylus grismeri  Ngo, 2008

DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.2 

Abstract

A re-evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships of the four species of the monophyletic Cyrtodactylus conodorensis group using the mitochondrial gene ND2 with Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses provides strong statistical support for the recovery the cave-adapted ecomorphs C. eisenmanae and C. grismeri as the sister lineage to the scansorial forest-adapted ecomorphs C. condorensis and C. leegrismeri. This phylogeny provides the context in which these ecomorphs are morphologically characterized. The majority of newly described species within Cyrtodactylus have come from karst habitats and granite boulder cave-like microhabitats. Although some authors have commented on subtle to notable differences in the morphology and color pattern associated with species from these habitats, none have explicitly presented data necessary to characterize this putative departure from a more generalized, scansorial morphology. To this end, the closely related species of the condorensis group are used to provide a suggested protocol to recover and delimit characters adaptive to a restrictive lifestyle of climbing on flat, rocky substrates in low levels of illumination. Understanding the phylogenetic context in which a morphological shift from a general scansorial species to a rock-adapted species relative to the historical evolution of its environment has conservation and management implications. This is particularly important given that a number of the newly described karst-adapted species from throughout Southeast Asia are threatened with extension because of the ongoing quarrying activities of their habitat.

Keywords: Reptilia, Cyrtodactylus, ecomorphology, cave, karst, islands, conservation, Vietnam

L. Lee Grismer and Jesse L. Grismer. 2017. A Re-evaluation of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Cyrtodactylus condorensis group (Squamata; Gekkonidae) and A Suggested Protocol for the Characterization of Rock-dwelling Ecomorphology in Cyrtodactylus. 

 Zootaxa. 4300(4); 486–504. DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.2

  

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Ornithology • 2016] Radiating Despite A Lack of Character: Ecological Divergence Among Closely Related, Morphologically Similar Honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) Co-occurring in Arid Australian Environments ---ScRaBBlE

Abstract

Quantifying the relationship between form and function can inform use of morphology as a surrogate for ecology. How the strength of this relationship varies continentally can inform understanding of evolutionary radiations; for example, does the relationship break down when certain lineages invade and diversify in novel habitats? The 75 species of Australian honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) are morphologically and ecologically diverse, with species feeding on nectar, insects, fruit, and other resources. We investigated Meliphagidae ecomorphology and community structure by (1) quantifying the concordance between morphology and ecology (foraging behavior), (2) estimating rates of trait evolution in relation to the packing of ecological space, and (3) comparing phylogenetic and trait community structure across the broad environmental gradients of the continent. We found that morphology explained 37% of the variance in ecology (and 62% vice versa), and we uncovered well-known bivariate relationships among the multivariate ecomorphological data. Ecological trait diversity declined less rapidly than phylogenetic diversity along a gradient of decreasing precipitation. We employ a new method (trait fields) and extend another (phylogenetic fields) to show that while species in phylogenetically clustered, arid-environment assemblages are similar morphologically, they are as varied in foraging behavior as those from more diverse assemblages. Thus, although closely related and similar morphologically, these arid-adapted species have diverged in ecological space to a similar degree as their mesic counterparts.

Keywords: community assembly, ecomorphology, functional traits, interspecific competition, phylogenetic community structure, phylogenetic niche conservatism.

Eliot T. Miller, Sarah K. Wagner, Luke J. Harmon and Robert E. Ricklefs. 2016. Radiating Despite A Lack of Character: Ecological Divergence Among Closely Related, Morphologically Similar Honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae) Co-occurring in Arid Australian Environments.  American Naturalist. 189; E14–E30. DOI: 10.1086/690008.

 Birds fly, whales swim, cheetahs run, and amoebae ooze (not very fast)

 eeb.cornell.edu/lovette/?p=1725

Birds Evolve Their Behavior Without Changing Their Bodies: The Case Of Australia’s Honeyeaters

 allaboutbirds.org/birds-evolve-their-behavior-without-changing-their-bodies-the-case-of-australias-honeyeaters/

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Arachnida • 2018] Repeated Diversification of Ecomorphs in Hawaiian Stick Spiders, Ariamnes spp. ---ScRaBBlE

Gillespie, Benjamin, Brewer, et al., 2018.

 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.083 

Highlights: 

• Hawaiian stick spiders show adaptive radiation with repeated evolution of ecomorphs
• This phenomenon is found in only a few adaptive radiations of island insectivores
• Camouflage against a finite set of predators and wandering habit play key roles
• Limited pathways for the development of color contribute to deterministic evolution

Summary
Insular adaptive radiations in which repeated bouts of diversification lead to phenotypically similar sets of taxa serve to highlight predictability in the evolutionary process. However, examples of such replicated events are rare. Cross-clade comparisons of adaptive radiations are much needed to determine whether similar ecological opportunities can lead to the same outcomes. Here, we report a heretofore uncovered adaptive radiation of Hawaiian stick spiders (Theridiidae, Ariamnes) in which different species exhibit a set of discrete ecomorphs associated with different microhabitats. The three primary ecomorphs (gold, dark, and matte white) generally co-occur in native forest habitats. Phylogenetic reconstruction mapped onto the well-known chronosequence of the Hawaiian Islands shows both that this lineage colonized the islands only once and relatively recently (2–3 mya, when Kauai and Oahu were the only high islands in the archipelago) and that the distinct ecomorphs evolved independently multiple times following colonization of new islands. This parallel evolution of ecomorphs matches that of “spiny-leg” long-jawed spiders (Tetragnathidae, Tetragnatha), also in Hawaii. Both lineages are free living, and both have related lineages in the Hawaiian Islands that show quite different patterns of diversification with no evidence of deterministic evolution. We argue that repeated evolution of ecomorphs results from a rugged adaptive landscape, with the few peaks associated with camouflage for these free-living taxa against the markedly low diversity of predators on isolated islands. These features, coupled with a limited genetic toolbox and reduced dispersal between islands, appear to be common to situations of repeated evolution of ecomorphs.

Figure 2. Ecological Forms of the Hawaiian Ariamnes Colored boxes around images show the different ecomorphs: matte white, dark, and gold.
 (A) Ariamnes huinakolu; Kauai, Makalehas; July 2008. (B) A. sp.; Kauai, Pihea; November 2016. (C) A. kahili; Kauai, Wailua River; November 2016. (D) A. sp.; Oahu, Pahole; August 2008. (E) A. makue; Oahu, Kaala; November 2016. (F) A. uwepa; Oahu, Poamoho; November 2016. (G) A. corniger; East Maui; November 2016. (H) A. laau; East Maui; July 2013. (I) A. sp.; Molokai; November 2016. (J) A. waikula on web of Orsonwelles; Hawaii; July 2013. (K) A. hiwa; Hawaii; July 2014. (L) A. waikula; Hawaii, Saddle Road; July 2013.

Note that all of the gold forms—(C), (F), (I), and (L)—can exhibit color polymorphism, with red superimposed on the gold, as shown in (I). Photo credits: G. Roderick, (A–J), A. Rominger, (K), D. Cotoras, (L). Insets (B1, F1, and G1) show details of the guanine structure of the respective forms.

Ariamnes corniger, a stick spider from East Maui, Hawaiian Archipelago. This white matte ecomorph is cryptic against lichen.

 photo: George Roderick

Gold Molokai spider.

photo: George Roderick

An undescribed species of Ariamnes from Kauai, Hawaiian Archipelago. It is an example of the dark ecomorph.

photo: George Roderick 

Rosemary G. Gillespie, Suresh P. Benjamin, Michael S. Brewer, Malia Ana J. Rivera and George K. Roderick. 2018.  Repeated Diversification of Ecomorphs in Hawaiian Stick Spiders. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.083

twitter.com/CurrentBiology/status/971809668107554817

How brightly colored spiders evolved on Hawaii again and again... and again http://phy.so/439734740   @physorg_com

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2018] Peltophryne armata • A New Species of Caribbean Toad (Bufonidae, Peltophryne) from southern Hispaniola ---ScRaBBlE

Peltophryne armata 

Landestoy, Turner, Marion & Hedges, 2018

 DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4403.3.6 

Abstract

Peltophryne armata sp. nov. is described from the South paleoisland of Hispaniola, West Indies. This is the only native toad species known to inhabit the Barahona Peninsula, Dominican Republic, in the southernmost part of Hispaniola, and it is allopatric with the widely distributed Hispaniolan toad species, P. guentheri Cochran. However, in a molecular phylogeny, the closest relative of P. armata sp. nov. is the Puerto Rican species P. lemur Cope, with which it shares a protrusive snout, large orbits, a depressed head, indistinct or absent infraorbital crests, and a long and complex advertisement call, but differs from it greatly by the very long cephalic crests, and in the massive and spinose parotoid glands that converge medially on the dorsum. The new species is similar in ecology and larval morphology to the Cuban P. florentinoi Moreno & Rivalta, but differs from it in adult morphology. The tadpole of the new species is described. Peltophryne fracta is placed in the synonymy of P. guentheri.

Keywords: Amphibia, Anura, Caribbean, Greater Antilles, South paleoisland, West Indies, oophagy, ecomorph

FIGURE 3. Holotype of Peltophryne armata sp. nov., in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Photographs by MALT.

FIGURE 5. Crest geometry, sculpturing, cutaneous texture and shape of the head of  Peltophryne armata sp. nov. (A–B [dorsal and profile views, respectively]; MCZ A-149839), P. lemur (C–D; KU 288691), and P. guentheri (E–F; MNHNSD 23.1396). Parotoid glands are delimited by gray dashed lines. Scale bars 5 mm. Illustrations by MALT.

Peltophryne armata sp. nov.

Diagnosis. A medium-sized species of the genus Peltophryne (SVL in males to 78 mm, in females to 85.7 mm), possessing characteristics of the genus: T-shaped terminal phalanges and discrete glandular tubercles on tarsus (Fig. 4A–B, respectively; sensu Pramuk 2002), and placed within the genus in a molecular phylogeny (Fig. 2). It is distinguished from all other congeners by three unique characters: hypertrophic cephalic crests (supraorbital, postorbital, supratympanic, pretympanic and preorbital crests, the first two crests extended outwards largely covering eyelids and orbits in dorsal view; Fig. 5A–B), hypertrophic parotoid glands (longitudinally, transversely and obliquely massive) converging middorsally, and snout with a notched tip (distal ends of canthal crests create a gap in between). It is most closely related in a molecular phylogeny to the Puerto Rican species P. lemur, with which it shares a depressed head (in profile), very low or absent infraorbital crest (merged with the maxillary crest), a protrusive, slightly upturned snout, large orbits, and a long, complex (Type II) advertisement call. Beyond its unique characters, the new species also differs from that species by the geometry of crests on the dorsal surface of the head (intersection of postorbital and supraorbital crests forming obtuse angles—acute with canthal—versus these crests being nearly continuous and straight to slightly concave in P. lemur; Fig. 5C), by having the head rounded (versus subtriangular in P. lemur), by having the parotoid glands with spinose keratinized tubercles (versus subrounded keratinized tubercles in P. lemur), by having feet basally webbed (versus strongly webbed in P. lemur), and in having a large vocal sac (versus small to moderate in P. lemur).

....

FIGURE 6. Map of Hispaniola (silhouetted), with the south-central section amplified, showing the type locality (star) of  Peltophryne armata sp. nov., in between the Barahona Peninsula and the southern slopes of the Sierra de Bahoruco (A). Male calling at the type locality, not collected (B), photograph by Miguel A. Landestoy T. 

Distribution (Fig. 6A). Known only from the vicinity of the type locality, south of Las Mercedes in the southern slopes of the Sierra de Bahoruco north of the Barahona peninsula, Pedernales Province, bordering both the Sierra de Bahoruco and Jaragua national parks in the karst foothills (330–400 m) of the Sierra de Bahoruco.

Natural history. The habitat of Peltophryne armata sp. nov. is semideciduous forest in the limestone-based southern slopes of the Sierra de Bahoruco. Males call (Fig. 6B) next to rain water-filled holes in the limestone of mean dimensions (n=4, with eggs) of 17.2x32.5 cm in diameter and 21.9 cm in depth, where paired strings of eggs are laid and the larvae develop. One clutch contained 420 eggs. Neither amplexus nor oviposition were observed. Several males vocalized in proximity to cavities in the limestone floor where they retreated when disturbed. Two of these males experienced quick metachrosis, having a bright yellow dorsal ground color when exposed but turning brown once inside such cavities. Males MCZ A-149839 and MCZ A-149843 called in concealment from holes. Males MNHNSD-23.1376 and MCZ A-149843 performed phragmosis while hiding in such cavities, and when pushed, used their heads as shields and inflated their bodies. One individual (MNHNSD-23.1376) emitted a distress call when removal was attempted; those males and others also observed entered their respective cavities by walking backwards. All males (except MCZ A-149841 and MNHNSD-23.1375) had supraorbital crests that were injured (bleeding), missing some of the keratin and dermal tissue. This was apparently caused by the sharp surfaces of the karst substrate. The highly developed crests likely serve as a protection from the harsh environment as well as from potential predators. Individuals inflate their bodies when handled and are capable of a sudden release of air as a distress call. Skin secretions, besides those expelled from the distinctive glandular areas, are spread over dorsal surface (including eyelids) and are of a yellowish-ochre color.

....

FIGURE 7. Metamorph (A) of Peltophryne armata sp. nov., scale bar equals 5 mm. A toadlet (C; ~23 mm SVL) and the predominant substrate found in its habitat during the rainy season (B). Photographs by Miguel A. Landestoy T.

FIGURE 8. Tadpole of Peltophryne armata sp. nov.: profile view (A), dorsal view (B), and ventral view (C), scale bar equals 5 mm (stage 38, MNHNSD 23.1427-A). Captive live individual at stage 36, unvouchered, left for metamorphosis (D). Mouth parts (E), scale bar 1 mm (stage 37, MNHNSD 23.1425-B). Photographs by Miguel A. Landestoy T.

Etymology. The specific name is a Latin singular feminine nominative adjective meaning “armored,” in allusion to the highly developed and extended cephalic crests that cover most of the head, and to the massive parotoid glands bearing spinose keratinized tubercles.

Suggested common name. Hispaniolan Armoured Toad

Miguel A. Landestoy T., Daniel B. Turner, Angela B. Marion and S. Blair Hedges. 2018. A new species of Caribbean toad (Bufonidae, Peltophryne) from southern Hispaniola. Zootaxa. 4403(3); 523–539. DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4403.3.6

Resumen: Se describe una nueva especie de sapo, Peltophryne armata sp. nov., de la paleoisla sur de la Hispaniola, Indias Occidentales. Esta es la única especie de sapo nativa que habita al sur en la península de Barahona, República Dominicana, la parte más meridional de la Hispaniola, y cuya ocurrencia es alopátrica a la de la especie de sapo nativa de más amplia distribución,P. guentheri Cochran. Sin embargo, en una filogenia molecular, el pariente más cercano de P. armata sp. nov. es la especie puertorriqueña P. lemur Cope, con la cual comparte un hocico protuberante, órbitas grandes, cabeza dorsoventralmente comprimida, crestas infraorbitales débiles o ausentes, y una llamada de anuncio larga y compleja, pero difiere mucho de esta por las crestas cefálicas muy largas, y en las enormes y espinosas glándulas parotoides que coinciden en el medio del dorso. La nueva especie es similar en ecología y en morfología larvaria a la especie cubana P. florentinoi Moreno & Rivalta, pero difiere de ella en morfología del adulto. Se describe el renacuajo de la nueva especie. Peltophryne fracta es puesto en sinonimia con P. guentheri. 

Palabras claves: Amphibia, Anura, Caribe, Antillas Mayores, paleoisla Sur, Indias Occidentales, oofagia, ecomorfo 

  

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.