[Herpetology • 2017] Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi • A New Cryptic Toad Species (Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada; A Diamond in the Rough Desert Shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States ---ScRaBBlE

Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi   

 Gordon, Simandle & Tracy, 2017 

Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015).

 Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.

   

 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.7 

Abstract

We describe a new species of toad from the Great Basin region of northern Nevada belonging to the Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. This cryptic species was detected through genetic analyses of toad populations sampled throughout the Great Basin and the morphological evidence was quantified through extensive sampling of live toads within the region. The new species has the smallest body size in the species complex, and can be further diagnosed from other species in the complex by its large tibial glands and unique coloration. The known distribution of the new species is restricted to an area less than 6 km2 in Dixie Valley, Churchill Co., Nevada. The Great Basin is an arid region where aquatic resources are both rare and widely scattered, making habitat suitable for anuran populations highly vulnerable to anthropogenic change. The habitat occupied by this newly described species is threatened by the incipient installation of geothermal and solar power development projects that require the water that defines its habitat.

Keywords: Amphibia, Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov., Dixie Valley Toad, Western Toad, Bufo(Anaxyrus) boreas species complex, cryptic species, morphology, new species, conservation, geothermal

FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. 

Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon.

FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. 
a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; 
b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). 

Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.

Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. 

Dixie Valley Toad

Diagnosis. Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is distinguishable from B. boreas by a combination of diagnostic morphological characters (Fig. 4; Table 1, Table 2), genetic evidence (Fig.3, Fig. 6), and localized distribution (Fig. 2b). Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is distinct from B. boreas by: a small adult body size (SVL is more than 2.5 cm smaller than B. boreas; Table 1); significantly, but modestly, larger, closely-set eyes, and smaller head (Table 2); statistically and perceptibly larger tympanum, and shorter hind limbs; conspicuously large and elevated tibial glands; and distinctive color pattern (Fig. 4a, Fig. 4b).

FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015).

 Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis. 

Etymology. The specific epithet is in tribute to Robert Williams, former Field Supervisor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife, whose Herculean efforts on behalf of the fauna of Nevada and California were critically important in discovering additional biodiversity of anurans in the Great Basin, and in focusing on the needs to provide protection to the rare and imperiled fauna, and the ecosystems upon which they depend, in Nevada and California. The Dixie Valley toad would not have been discovered without the efforts of this courageous public servant.

Distribution. Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is found only within wetlands of limited extent fed from artesian springs on the western edge of the Dixie Valley Playa, east of the Stillwater Range in Dixie Valley, NV (Fig. 2b).

Natural history. Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi is restricted to the spring fed-wetland habitat along the western edge of the Dixie Valley playa. Similar to other toads in the B. boreas complex (except perhaps B. exsul, which is more aquatic), the terrestrial B. williamsi is typically nocturnal, emerging at dusk, and can be found in moist vegetation or in very still, shallow water with very little vegetation canopy. Dixie Valley experiences extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night temperatures, as well as season-to-season extremes, characteristic of cold desert ecosystems.

 Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle and C. R. Tracy. 2017. A Diamond in the Rough Desert Shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A New Cryptic Toad Species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada.
 Zootaxa. 4290(1); 123–139.  DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.7

  

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

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شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2017] Rediscovery of the Nearly Extinct Longnose Harlequin Frog Atelopus longirostris (Bufonidae) in Junín, Imbabura, Ecuador ---ScRaBBlE

Atelopus longirostris  (Cope 1868)

female Longnose Harlequin Frog || DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2017.1327000 

Abstract

We report the recent finding of four adults of Atelopus longirostris, a Critically Endangered species that was last seen in 1989, when catastrophic Atelopus declines occurred. The rediscovery of A. longirostris took place in a new locality, Junín, 1250–1480 m asl, Provincia Imbabura, Ecuador, on 28–31 March 2016. The four frogs were found in two isolated small patches of native forest in a fragmented area heavily modified for agriculture and livestock; one patch protected by the Junín Community Reserve, and another non-protected private patch near the reserve. We found high prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in the amphibian community of Junín, but A. longirostris tested negative. The finding of A. longirostris after 27 years is surprising and fits an apparent pattern of mild conditions that might be promoting either the recovery or persistence in low numbers of some relict amphibian populations. The frogs are the first founders of an ex situ assurance colony in Jambatu Research and Conservation Center. Expansion of the Junín Community Reserve is urgently needed to add the currently non-protected patch of forest, where A. longirostris also occurs. The restoration of the forest in degraded areas between both forest patches and in the related river margins is also necessary. This restoration will grant the connectivity between both isolated metapopulations and the normal movement of individuals to the breeding sites in the Chalguayacu and Junín River basins. The latter should be protected to prevent any kind of water pollution by the opencast copper exploitation of the mining concession Llurimagua, which is underway. Atelopus longirostris belongs to a group of at least 29 species of Ecuadorian Atelopus that are critically endangered, 15 of which remain unsighted for at least one decade, and most of them might be extinct. Further synchronous, multidisciplinary and integrative research is needed, aiming to understand the most aspects of the biology of species of Atelopus to support in situ and ex situ conservation actions.

Keywords: Atelopus longirostris, Bufonidae, Ecuador, extinction, rediscovery

Figure 2. Atelopus longirostris habitat at Junín, Provincia Imbabura: 
(A–B) Aerial views from an altitude of 11.09 and 2.89 km, taken from Google, digital Globe; red arrows indicate collection sites at site 1, the reserve of Cabañas EcoJunín (right) and site 2, a private property (left), scale = 667 and 108 m in A and B, respectively. In figure B note the nearly complete disconnection between the private forest and Chalguayacu river caused by forest clearing, (C) forest at reserve of Cabañas EcoJunín, (D) Chalguayacu river.

 Photos C–D by EET. 

Figure 2. Atelopus longirostris habitat at Junín, Provincia Imbabura: ((E) female CJ (sc 5521) on a leaf of Rubiaceae, (F) male CJ (sc 5582) on a leaf of Piperaceae.

 Photos E–F by GPO. 

Figure 2. Atelopus longirostris habitat at Junín, Provincia Imbabura:
(A–B) Aerial views from an altitude of 11.09 and 2.89 km, taken from Google, digital Globe; red arrows indicate collection sites at site 1, the reserve of Cabañas EcoJunín (right) and site 2, a private property (left), scale = 667 and 108 m in A and B, respectively. In figure B note the nearly complete disconnection between the private forest and Chalguayacu river caused by forest clearing, (C) forest at reserve of Cabañas EcoJunín, (D) Chalguayacu river, (E) female CJ (sc 5521) on a leaf of Rubiaceae, (F) male CJ (sc 5582) on a leaf of Piperaceae. Photos C–D by EET, E–F by GPO. 

Elicio Eladio Tapia, Luis Aurelio Coloma, Gustavo Pazmiño-Otamendi and Nicolás Peñafiel. 2017. Rediscovery of the Nearly Extinct Longnose Harlequin Frog Atelopus longirostris (Bufonidae) in Junín, Imbabura, Ecuador.  Neotropical Biodiversity. 3(1); 157-167. DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2017.1327000

Reportamos el reciente hallazgo de cuatro adultos de Atelopus longirostris, una especie en Peligro Crítico, la misma que fue vista por última vez en 1989, cuando se produjeron declives catastróficos de Atelopus. El redescubrimiento de A. longisrostris tuvo lugar en una nueva localidad, Junín, 1250–1480 msnm, Provincia de Imbabura, Ecuador, entre el 28–31 de marzo de 2016. Las cuatro ranas se encontraron en dos pequeñas parcelas de bosque natural en un área fragmentada y densamente modificada para agricultura y ganadería, la una parcela forma parte de la Reserva de la Comunidad Junín y la otra está en un área privada no protegida cercana a la reserva. Encontramos alta prevalencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) en la comunidad de anfibios de Junín, aunque no se encontró en A. longirostris. Su hallazgo después de 27 años es sorprendente y se ajusta a un patrón aparente de condiciones benignas que estarían promoviendo sea la recuperación o persistencia de poblaciones relictas de algunas especies de anfibios. Estas ranas son los primeros fundadores de una colonia de manejo ex situ en el Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios. Se necesita con urgencia la expansión de la Reserva de la Comunidad de Junín para incluir todos los bosques en donde A. longisrostris habita. Es también necesaria la restauración de los bosques en las áreas destruidas que quedan entre los parches de bosque y en la rivera de los ríos. Esta restauración garantizará la conectividad entre metapoblaciones aisladas y también el desplazamiento normal de individuos a los sitios de reproducción en las cuencas de los ríos Chalguayacu y Junín. Estas cuencas deben ser protegidas para evitar cualquier tipo de contaminación en el agua producida por la explotación de cobre a cielo abierto de la concesión minera Llurimagua, la cual está en ejecución. Atelopus longirostris pertenece a un grupo de no menos de 29 especies de Atelopus de Ecuador que están Críticamente Amenazadas, 15 de las cuales no han sido vistas en al menos una década y la mayoría de ellas podrían estar extintas. Se requiere ejecutar más investigaciones simultáneas, multidisciplinarias e integrales para entender la mayoría de aspectos de la biología de las especies de Atelopus, y las cuales apoyen a los programas de conservación in situ y ex situ.

Palabras claves: Atelopus longirostris, Bufonidae, Ecuador, extinción, redescubrimiento

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2017] Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis & S. minangkabauensis • A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera ---ScRaBBlE

[upper]  Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis from Gunung Sorikmarapi, 
[lower]  Sigalegalephrynus minangkabauensis from Gunung Kunyit,
Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra, Indonesia

Smart, Sarker, Arifin, Harvey, Sidik, Hamidy, Kurniawan & Smith, 2017

  DOI:  10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041 

Abstract:

We describe a new genus and two new species of toads from the Sumatran volcanoes Gunung Sorikmarapi and G. Kunyit, in the provinces of Sumatera Utara and Jambi, respectively. The new taxa can be distinguished from other genera, and each other, based on genetic differentiation, morphology, and advertisement call structure. We employ both nuclear and mitochondrial data to provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships for the bufonid genera of the Sunda Shelf. While broadly corroborating previous studies, our results also shed light on the phylogenetic position of Pseudobufo. The new genus, Duttaphrynus, and Pseudobufo are basal to other Sunda Shelf genera in our phylogenies.

Keywords: Barisan Range, Bufonidae, Molecular phylogenetics, Sunda Shelf, Taxonomy

Sigalegalephrynus gen. nov. 

Type species.— Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis  by present designation.

Etymology.— The generic name is derived from the name given by the indigenous Batak people of the Toba region in Sumatera Utara to life-sized wooden puppets called Sigale Gale. These puppets are used during the papurpur sepata funerary festivals to placate the spirits of the dead who have left no children behind. The suffix is derived from the masculine and Latinized Greek noun for toad, phrynos. The new genus, with a relatively large size compared with most arboreal toads in the region, lanky hands, and a wood-brown complexion, is evocative of the Sigale Gale.

Common name.— Puppet Toads.

Content.— Our phylogenetic analyses indicate the presence of two species within the new genus: S. mandailinguensis Smart et al.; and S. minangkabauensis Smart et al.

[Left] Lateral view of the adult male holotype of  Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis  from Gunung Sorikmarapi, Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra (MZB 25736). 
[right]   Lateral view of the holotype of  Sigalegalephrynus minangkabauensis  from Gunung Kunyit, Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra (MZB 25738). 

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

• Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis sp. nov.

Etymology.— The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the Mandailing Batak ethnic region and Kabupaten (regency) where the new species was found. 

Common name.— Mandailing Puppet Toads. 

Distribution and natural history.— Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis is known only from rainforests on the slopes of Gunung Sorikmarapi in southern Sumatera Utara.....

• Sigalegalephrynus minangkabauensis sp. nov.

Etymology.— The specific epithet refers to the Minangkabau or Minang ethnic group inhabiting the region where the new species was found.

 Common name.— Minangkabau Puppet Toads.

Distribution and natural history.— Sigalegalephrynus minangkabauensis is known only from Gunung Kunyit from an elevation of 1428 m (Fig. 4).

Utpal Smart, Goutam C. Sarker, Umilaela Arifin, Michael B. Harvey, Irvan Sidik, Amir Hamidy, Nia Kurniawan and Eric N. Smith. 2017. A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera.   Herpetologica. 73(1); 63-75. DOI:  10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041

ResearchGate.net/publication/314410053_A_New_Genus_and_Two_New_Species_of_Arboreal_Toads_from_the_Highlands_of_Sumatra_with_a_Phylogeny_of_Sundaland_Toad_Genera

Abstrak (Indonesian): Kami mendeskripsikan satu marga baru dan dua jenis baru kodok dari wilayah gunung api di Provinsi Sumatera Utara (Gunung Sorik Merapi) dan Provinsi Jambi (Gunung Kunyit). Takson baru ini dapat dibedakan satu sama lain maupun dengan marga kodok lainnya berdasarkan perbedaan genetik, morfologi, dan struktur suara panggilan kodok tersebut. Kami menggunakan data DNA mitokondria dan DNA inti kodok-kodok dari famili Bufonidae yang terdapat di wilayah Paparan Sunda untuk membuat hipotesis filogenetik mengenai hubungan kekerabatan antar marga kodok tersebut. Secara umum, hasil penelitian yang kami peroleh mendukung hasil penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya. Di samping itu, kami juga menemukan untuk pertama kalinya bahwa posisi filogenetik Pseudobufo dan marga baru berada di bagian paling dasar dari seluruh marga katak di daerah Paparan Sunda, dengan pengecualian pada marga Duttaphrynus.

 

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2017] Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa ---ScRaBBlE

Landdroskop Mountain Toadlet  | Capensibufo magistratus 

  Channing, Measey, de Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017 

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11 

Abstract 

A molecular and morphological study of the Mountain Toadlets, previously included in Capensibufo rosei, showed that there are several previously unrecognised species in this group. We describe three new species from the Hawekwas, Hottentots-Holland, Groenland and Riviersonderend Mountains; the DuToitskloof Mountains, and the Akkedis, Koeël and Kleinriviers Mountains, South Africa. Capensibufo rosei is restricted to the Table Mountain chain of the Cape Peninsula.

Keywords: Amphibia, Capensibufo rosei, new species, South Africa

Capensibufo deceptus sp. nov. 

Deception Peak Mountain Toadlet

Etymology. This species is named for the type locality, below Deception Peak, DuToits Mountains, South Africa. The specific epithet is Latin for 'deceive'.

Capensibufo selenophos sp. nov. 

Moonlight Mountain Toadlet

Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the Greek selenóphos (moonlight), in reference to the type locality Maanskyn Nature Reserve (Afrikaans maanskyn = moonlight). It is used as a noun in apposition.

Capensibufo magistratus sp. nov.

Landdroskop Mountain Toadlet

Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the Latin magister (magistrate), referring to the type locality, Landdroskop. The Afrikaans Landdroskop = Magistrates Peak. It is used as a noun in apposition. 

  

A. Channing, G.J. Measey, A.L. de Villiers, A.A. Turner and, K.A. Tolley. 2017. Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa. 

 Zootaxa. 4232(2); 282–292. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2015] Realities of Rarity: Climatically and Ecologically Restricted, Critically Endangered Kandian Torrent Toads (Adenomus kandianus) Breed en masse ---ScRaBBlE

Figure 1: Amplexus and mating aggregations in Adenomus kandianus.
(a) An amplexed pair out of water, showing axillary amplexus. (b–c) A large mating aggregation in slow water, sandy-bottomed refuge in a stream bordering the Peak Wilderness sanctuary. 

MeegaskumburaLab.blogspot.com  DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.1575v1

Abstract

Endemic to Sri Lanka, genus Adenomus contains two torrent-associated toad species whose ecology and natural history in the wild is virtually unknown. Adenomus kelaartii is relatively common, with a wide geographic distribution. Its sister species, A. kandianus, however, is restricted to two isolated populations in fast-disappearing montane and sub-montane forests. Formally declared extinct after not being recorded for over a century, a few A. kandianus were rediscovered in 2012 and redescribed as "the world's rarest toad". Here we report the results of a two-year study of the occurrence, habits and habitat associations of adult and larval A. kandianus using both general surveys and quadrat sampling. We show this to be a secretive species with a patchy distribution. Non-breeding female toads dwell in primary-forest habitats, but after heavy and sudden downpours they form large mating congregations in large streams. Amplexed pairs swim synchronously, enabling them to traverse fast currents. Egg-laying sites remain unknown, but the ability to dive and vocalize underwater, and characteristics of the eggs, suggest that they lay eggs in dark recesses of the stream. Tadpoles show microhabitat partitioning within the stream, with the greatest diversity of stages in slow-flowing rocky areas. The more robust stages possessing sucker discs exploit rocky-rapids, while metamorphic stages inhabit stream margins. We use DNA-barcoding to show the existence of two disparate toad populations. Distribution modeling with forest-cover layers added, predict a very small remaining area of suitable habitats. Conservation of this climatically and ecologically restricted species hinge largely on the preservation of high-elevation primary and riparian forests and unpolluted torrents.

Figure 1: Amplexus and mating aggregations in Adenomus kandianus.
(a) An amplexed pair out of water, showing axillary amplexus. (b–d) A large mating aggregation in slow water, sandy-bottomed refuge in a stream bordering the Peak Wilderness sanctuary.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.1575v1

  Madhava Meegaskumbura, Nayana Wijayathilaka, Nirodha Abayalath and Gayani Senevirathne. 2015.  Realities of Rarity: Climatically and Ecologically Restricted, Critically Endangered Kandian Torrent Toads (Adenomus kandianus) Breed en masse.
PeerJ PrePrints 3:e1964. DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.1575v1

ResearchGate.net/publication/287260395_Realities_of_rarity_climatically_and_ecologically_restricted_critically_endangered_Kandian_Torrent_Toads_Adenomus_kandianus_breed_en_masse

meegaskumburalab.blogspot.com/2015/12/a-lost-torrent-toad-forms-large.html

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2017] Rediscovery of Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899 (Anura: Bufonidae), with A Redescription of the Tadpole ---ScRaBBlE

Atelopus subornatus  Werner, 1899

 DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.7

Abstract 

The Neotropical toads of the genus Atelopus are among the most imperiled of all amphibians (La Marca et al. 2005; Gonzalez-Maya et al. 2013; McCaffery et al. 2015). Nowadays, at least 90% of the 93 listed species are threatened and more than 77% are Critically Endangered (McCaffery et al. 2015; IUCN 2016). Colombia has 44 described species of Atelopus (Frost 2017), two of these are categorized as extinct (EX) by the IUCN (2016): A. ignescens and A. longirostris, although they were recently re-discovered in Ecuador (Tapia et al. 2017), 34 as critical endangered (CR), four as endangered (EN), two as vulnerable (VU), one species has data deficient (DD) and another one has not been evaluated. Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899, is an endemic Colombian harlequin toad described from 2300 to 2800 m.a.s.l in the municipalities of Sibaté (Alto de Sibaté and Agua Bonita) and Fusagasuga (above Fusagasuga and Tierra Negra), in Cundinamarca (Fig. 1A), on the western flank from Cordillera Oriental of Colombia (Werner 1899; Lynch 1986; Lötters 1989, 1992). The last record of this species was in 1993 (Lötters 2005), and it currently is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN (2016). Herein, we report the rediscovery of A. subornatus at a new locality from Tolima, Colombia (Fig. 1A), and redescribe its tadpole. The determination of the species was based on comparisons with material deposited in the amphibian collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN-UNAL) for all species of Atelopus reported from the same general area in Cundinamarca and relatively similar to A. subornatus. The specimens are housed in the Herpetological collection of the Tolima University (CZUT-A) and amphibian collection of ICN-UNAL.

....

Maria Paula Enciso-Calle, Andres Viuche-Lozano, Marvin Anganoy-Criollo and Manuel Hernando Bernal. 2017. Rediscovery of Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899 (Anura: Bufonidae), with A Redescription of the Tadpole. Zootaxa. 4344(1); 160–162. DOI:  10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.7

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.

[Herpetology • 2018] A Pan-Amazonian Species Delimitation: High Species Diversity within the Genus Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) ---ScRaBBlE

 (A–B) Amazophrynella minuta; (C–D) A. teko sp. nov.; (E–F) A. siona sp. nov.; (G–H) A. xinguensis sp. nov.;

(O) A. matses; (Q) A. javierbustamantei; (S) A. vote; (U) A. moisesii sp. nov.

Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, et al​., 2018. 

 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4941

photos by Rommel R. Rojas, Antoine Fouquet, Santiago R. Ron, Emil Hernándes-Ruz, Juan Carlos Chapparro,  Robson W. Ávila & Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio.

Abstract

Amphibians are probably the most vulnerable group to climate change and climate-change associate diseases. This ongoing biodiversity crisis makes it thus imperative to improve the taxonomy of anurans in biodiverse but understudied areas such as Amazonia. In this study, we applied robust integrative taxonomic methods combining genetic (mitochondrial 16S, 12S and COI genes), morphological and environmental data to delimit species of the genus Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) sampled from throughout their pan-Amazonian distribution. Our study confirms the hypothesis that the species diversity of the genus is grossly underestimated. Our analyses suggest the existence of eighteen linages of which seven are nominal species, three Deep Conspecific Lineages, one Unconfirmed Candidate Species, three Uncategorized Lineages, and four Confirmed Candidate Species and described herein. We also propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and discuss its implications for historical biogeography of this Amazonian group.

Amazophrynella teko sp. nov.

 Amazonella sp. Guianas (Fouquet et al., 2012a: 829, French Guiana [in part])

Amazophrynella sp. Guianas (Fouquet et al., 2012b: 68, French Guiana [in part])

Amazophrynella sp. Guianas (Rojas et al., 2015: 85, French Guiana [in part])

Amazophrynella sp1. (Fouquet et al., 2015: 365, French Guiana [in part])

Amazophrynella sp. aff. manaos (Rojas et al., 2016: 49, French Guiana [in part])

Diagnosis. An Amazophrynella with (1) SVL12.9–15.8 mm in males, 17.9–21.5 mm in females; (2) snout acute in lateral view; upper jaw, in lateral view, protruding beyond lower jaw; (3) texture of dorsal skin granular; (4) cranial crest, vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; (5) dorsum covered by abundant rounded granules; (6) abundance of granules on tympanic area, on edges of upper arms and on dorsal surface of arms; (7) ventral skin highly granular; (8) fingers slender, basally webbed; (9) finger III relatively short (HAL/SVL 0.2–0.22 mm, n = 30); (10) finger I shorter than finger II; (11) palmar tubercle protruding and elliptical; (12) hind limbs relatively short (TAL/SVL 0.48–0.49, n = 30); (13) toes slender, basally webbed; in life: (14) venter cream; small blotches on venter.

Distribution and natural history. Amazophrynella teko sp. nov. have been recorded from the district of Saint Laurent du Marioni, Saint Georges and Camopi, French Guiana, the state of Amapá, Brazil and in the southern region of Suriname (A Fouquet, pers. obs., 2017). It occurs at elevations ranging from 70 m a.s.l. to 350 m a.s.l. The species is diurnal and crepuscular but is also active at night during peak breeding period, which normally occurs at the beginning of the rainy season (January–February). This species shows a conspicuous sexual dimorphism, with males being much smaller than females. The conservation status of this species remains unknown. The habitat destruction and pollution must affect their populations; however, due to its abundance we believe that this species probably needs not be classified above Least Concern category.

Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the name of the Teko Amerindians who occupy the southern half of French Guiana; the area occupied by the Teko tribe also encompasses the type locality.

Amazophrynella siona sp. nov.

 Atelopus minutus: (Duellman & Lynch, 1969: 238, Sarayacu [Ecuador])

Dendrophryniscus minutus (Duellman, 1978: 120, Santa Cecilia [Ecuador])

Dendrophryniscus minutus (Duellman & Mendelson III 1995: 336, vicinities of San Jacilllo and Teniente Lopez [Peru])

Amazonela cf. minutus “western Amazonia” (Fouquet et al., 2012a: 829, “western Amazonia”, Ecuador [in part])

Amazophrynella cf. minutus “western Amazonia” (Fouquet et al., 2012a: 68, “western Amazonia”, Ecuador [in part])

Amazophrynella aff. minuta “western Amazonia” (Rojas et al., 2015: 84, “western Amazonia”, Ecuador [in part])

Amazophrynella aff. minuta (Rojas et al., 2016: 49, “western Amazonia”, Ecuador [in part])

Diagnosis. An Amazophrynella with (1) SVL 11.5–14.7 mm in males, 16.1–20.0 mm in females; (2) snout acute in lateral view; upper jaw, in lateral view, protruding beyond lower jaw; (3) texture of dorsal skin finely granular; (4) cranial crests, vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; (5) small granules from the outer edge of the mouth to upper arm; (6) ventral skin granular; (7) tiny granules on ventral surfaces; (8) fingers slender, basally webbed; (9) finger III relative short (HAL/SVL 0.20–0.21, n = 62); (10) finger I shorter than finger II; (11) palmar tubercle rounded; (12) hind limbs relatively large (TAL/SVL 0.5–0.52, n = 62); (13) toes lacking lateral fingers; in life: (14) venter reddish brown; yellow blotches on venter.

Distribution and natural history. Amazophrynella siona sp. nov. have been recorded from Ecuador, in Provinces of Orellana, Sucumbíos and Pastaza and Peru in the Province Andoas, northern Loreto Department. It occurs at elevations ranging from 200–900 m a.s.l. The species is found in the leaf litter of primary and secondary forest, terra firme or flooded forest, and swamps. It is active during the day; at night individuals rest on leaves, usually less than 50 cm above ground. It breeds throughout the year (Duellman, 1978). This species shows conspicuous sexual dimorphism, with males being much smaller than females. The amplexus is axillar. Eggs are pigmented; males call from amidst leaf litter. Duellman & Lynch (1969) reported that this species deposited its eggs in gelatinous strands 245–285 mm long, with 245–291 eggs. It can be abundant at some sites (e.g., Cuyabeno reserve; SR Ron, pers. obs., 2018) Given its large distribution range (>20,000 km2) which also includes vast protected areas and locally abundant populations, we suggest assignment this species to the Least Concern category.

Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the Siona, a western Tucanoan indigenous group that inhabits the Colombian and Ecuadorian Amazon. The Siona inhabit the Cuyabeno Lakes region, an area where Amazophrynella siona sp. nov. is be abundant. While working in his undergraduate thesis in the early 1990s, SRR lived with the Siona at Cuyabeno. The Siona chief, Victoriano Criollo, had an encyclopedic knowledge of the natural history of the Amazonian forest, superior in extent and detail to that of experienced biologists. His death, a few years ago, represents one of many instances of irreplaceable loss of traditional knowledge triggered by cultural change among Amazonian Amerindians.

  (C–D) Amazophrynella teko sp. nov. photo by Antoine Fouquet; 
(E–F) A. siona sp. nov. photo by Santiago R. Ron;
(G–H) A. xinguensis sp. nov. photo by Emil Hernándes-Ruz; 
(U–V) A. moisesii sp. nov. photo by Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio.

Amazophrynella xinguensis sp. nov.

Diagnosis. An Amazophrynella with (1) SVL 17.0–20.0 mm in males, 22.4–26.3 mm in females; (2) snout pointed in lateral view; (3) upper jaw, in lateral view, protruding beyond lower jaw; 4) tympanums, vocal sac, parotid gland and cranial crest not evident; (5) texture of dorsal skin highly granular; (6) abundance of small tubercles on dorsum, on upper arm and on arms; (7) texture of ventral skin granular; (8) fingers I and II basally webbed; (9) finger III relative short (HAL/SVL = 0.20–0.22, n = 18); (10) thumb larger and robust; (11) finger I larger or equal than finger II, FI = 2.1 vs. FII = 2.1 in adult males, n = 5 and FI = 2.8 mm, vs. FII = 2.9 mm, in adult females, n = 13; (12) palmar tubercle ovoid; (13) toes slender, basally webbed; in life: (14) venter greyish; black dots on venter.

Distribution and natural history. Amazophrynella xinguensis sp. nov. have been recorded from State of Pará, Brazil, at three localities: PDS Virola Jatoba, municipality of Anapú, Fazenda Paraiso, municipality of Senador José Porfirio (right bank of Xingu River) and Ramal dos Cocos, municipality of Altamira (left bank of Xingu River), all of them in area of influence of the Belo Monte dam. It occurs in elevations of 86–106 m a.s.l. This species is found amidst leaf litter. The amplexus is axillar (Fig. 18C). Reproduction occurs in the rainy season in tiny puddles. Males were found hidden in the leaf litter. Tadpoles and advertisement call are unknown. The conservation status of this species remains unknown, but the recent construction of the Belo Monte hydroelectric complex on the Xingu River represents a threat to the population status of this species.

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to geographic distribution of the species within the lower Xingu River basin, Brazil.

Amazophrynella moisesii sp. nov.

Dendrophryniscus minutus (Bernarde et al. 2011: 120 plate 2, Fig. d)

Amazophrynella minuta (Bernarde et al. 2013: 224, 227 plate 7 Fig. c; Miranda et al. 2015: 96)

Diagnosis. An Amazophrynella with (1) SVL 12.2–15.8 mm in males, 16.4–20.9 mm in females; (2) snout acuminate in lateral view, upper jaw, in lateral view, protruding beyond lower jaw; (3) snout length protuberant, large for the genus (SL/HL = 0.48–0.5); (4) cranial crest, vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; (5) small tubercles on upper arms and posterior area of tympanums; (6) texture of dorsal skin tuberculate; (7) texture of ventral skin highly granular (8) finger III relative large (HAL/SVL 0.23–0.25, n = 28); (9) fingers slender, basally webbed; (10) finger I shorter than finger II; (11) palmar tubercle elliptic; (12) hind limbs relatively large (TAL/SVL 0.51–0.53, n = 28); (13) toes slender basally webbed; in life: (14) venter pale yellow; small irregular dots on venter.

Distribution and natural history. Amazophrynella moisesii sp. nov. have been recorded from Brasil. State of Acre: municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul, Mâncio Lima, Porto Walter and Tarauacá; State of Amazonas: municipality of Envira. Peru: Department of Huanuco, Panguana, Rio Llullapichis. Due to its abundance and presence in conservation units of Brazil (Floresta Estadual do Gregório, Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá and Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor) we recommend the IUCN Least Concern category.

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Dr. Moisés Barbosa de Souza, a Brazilian biologist, professor and friend at the Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), to whom we dedicate this species in recognition of his contributions to herpetological research and amphibian conservation in the state of Acre, Brazil.

Figure 25: Confirmed candidate species (CCS) of Amazophrynella. (A–B) Amazophrynella minuta photo by Rommel R. Rojas; (C–D) A. teko sp. nov. photo by Antoine Fouquet; (E–F) A. siona sp. nov. photo by Santiago R. Ron; (G–H) A. xinguensis sp. nov. photo by Emil Hernándes-Ruz; (I–J) A. bokermanni photo by Marcelo Gordo; (K–L) A. manaos photo by Rommel R. Rojas. (M–N) A. amazonicola photo by Rommel R. Rojas. (O–P) A. matses photo by Rommel R. Rojas; (Q–R) A. javierbustamantei photo by Juan Carlos Chapparro; (S–T) A. vote photo by Robson W. Ávila; (U–V) A. moisesii sp. nov. photo by Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio.

Rommel R. Rojas, Antoine Fouquet, Santiago R. Ron, José Hernández-Ruz, Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio, Juan C. Chaparro, Richard C. Vogt, Vinicius Tadeu de Carvalho, Leandra Cardoso Pinheiro, Robson W. Avila, Izeni Pires Farias, Marcelo Gordo and Tomas Hrbek​. 2018. A Pan-Amazonian Species Delimitation: High Species Diversity within the Genus Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae). PeerJ. 6:e4941  DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4941

    

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روابط التحميل والمشاهدة، الروابط المباشرة للتحميل

من هنا

او

من هنا

شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير لطريقة التحميل البسيطة

منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات

كيف تحصل على مدونة جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات من هنا

شاهد قناة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على اليوتيوب لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

رابط مدونة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات في أي وقت حــــتى لو تم حذفها من هنا
شاهد صفحة منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بألاف المواضيع والمشاركات على الفيس بوك لمزيد من الشرح من هنا

تعرف على ترتيب مواضيع منتدى مدونات بلوجر جاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات (حتى لا تختلط عليك الامور) من هنا

ملاحظة هامة: كل عمليات تنزيل، رفع، وتعديل المواضيع الجاهزة تتم بطريقة آلية، ونعتذر عن اي موضوع مخالف او مخل بالحياء مرفوع بالمدونات الجاهزة بآلاف المواضيع والمشاركات، ولكم ان تقوموا بحذف هذه المواضيع والمشاركات والطريقة بسيطة وسهلة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــسلامـ.